Gold9472
05-08-2006, 09:48 PM
Dolphins Name Themselves With Whistles, Study Says
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/060508_dolphins.html
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/images/060508_dolphins_big.jpg
(Gold9472: Amazing... now I feel horrible for ever eating Tuna.)
James Owen for National Geographic News
May 8, 2006
Dolphins give themselves "names"—distinctive whistles that they use to identify each other, new research shows.
Scientists say it's the first time wild animals have been shown to call out their own names.
What's more, the marine mammals can recognize individual names even when the sound is produced by an unfamiliar voice.
Bottlenose dolphins appear to develop so-called signature whistles as infants (just for kids: bottlenose dolphin fun facts).
The idea that they use these whistles to identify each other was first proposed in 1991 after individuals were heard to make their own unique sounds.
"The challenge was to show experimentally that the animals can use these independent voice features as signature whistles," said Vincent Janik of the Sea Mammal Research Unit at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.
Janik is the lead author of a study on the dolphin whistles to be published tomorrow in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
He says the idea that dolphins use names "was fairly hypothetical, and some researchers regarded it as not possible."
Listening Dolphins
The research focused on wild bottlenose dolphins living in Sarasota Bay, Florida (map of Florida).
Acoustic recordings have been made of most of these dolphins, which have been studied for more than 30 years.
For the new study each dolphin's signature whistle was isolated from the recordings and then played back to the animals through underwater loudspeakers.
The team found that the listening dolphins responded strongly to recordings of the names of their relatives and close group members but largely ignored those of other dolphins.
Janik says the recordings were synthesized electronically to rule out the possibility that the dolphins recognized each other simply by the sound of their voices.
"It's the equivalent of a computerized voice, where you can't tell who is speaking by the voice alone," he said.
The study team says whistles that identify an individual would be especially useful to bottlenose dolphins, because they live in large groups and have complex social interactions.
"Group changes are incredibly dynamic, and you need a way of knowing exactly who's around you," Janik said. "Dolphins often prefer to spend time with particular individuals."
But living in the murky ocean makes it hard to hook up with your dolphin buddies.
"Finding each other isn't so easy in marine environments, because visibility is very poor—maybe just a couple of meters," Janik said.
"Instead of looking around, they really need some other obvious and reliable system to find another animal."
The researchers suggest the dolphins use acoustic communication and signature whistles to locate and identify individual animals.
"You really have to have something more than a voice. You need something that's as different as a name," Janik said.
Customized Whistles
The ability to develop individually distinctive calls requires vocal learning, a relatively rare skill that's seen in humans, dolphins, elephants, and a few other animals including certain birds.
(Read related news: "Elephants Can Mimic Traffic, Other Noises, Study Says.")
Bottlenose dolphins are among the most versatile vocal learners and show cognitive abilities similar to those of primates.
The study team says young dolphins appear to create their own signature whistles from those of adult dolphins.
"They are listening to a lot of other whistles in the environment, then take parts of some that they've heard and put them together as a new one," Janik said.
Other researchers, however, have argued that dolphins don't have signature whistles.
In 2001 Brenda McCowan of the University of California, Davis, and Diana Reiss of the New York Aquarium in Brooklyn published a study suggesting that bottlenose dolphins don't use individual names but rather a shared contact call.
Their research was based on captive dolphins, which, Janik says, wouldn't have the same difficulties wild dolphins have with staying in touch.
"They don't live in the kind of complex environment that wild dolphins inhabit," he said. "They are in relatively small environs, in very clear water, and can see each other all the time."
Janik says that bottlenose dolphins may turn out to be just the first of various animals that use their own names.
Researchers have identified what could be signature whistles in other dolphin species, including spotted, white-sided, and dusky dolphins.
Some birds possibly also use names to communicate with each other, Janik adds.
"The one group of birds where that's possible is parrots," he said.
"Parrots have a very similar social structure to dolphins, and it seems they may also have a similar [naming] system."
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/060508_dolphins.html
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/images/060508_dolphins_big.jpg
(Gold9472: Amazing... now I feel horrible for ever eating Tuna.)
James Owen for National Geographic News
May 8, 2006
Dolphins give themselves "names"—distinctive whistles that they use to identify each other, new research shows.
Scientists say it's the first time wild animals have been shown to call out their own names.
What's more, the marine mammals can recognize individual names even when the sound is produced by an unfamiliar voice.
Bottlenose dolphins appear to develop so-called signature whistles as infants (just for kids: bottlenose dolphin fun facts).
The idea that they use these whistles to identify each other was first proposed in 1991 after individuals were heard to make their own unique sounds.
"The challenge was to show experimentally that the animals can use these independent voice features as signature whistles," said Vincent Janik of the Sea Mammal Research Unit at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.
Janik is the lead author of a study on the dolphin whistles to be published tomorrow in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
He says the idea that dolphins use names "was fairly hypothetical, and some researchers regarded it as not possible."
Listening Dolphins
The research focused on wild bottlenose dolphins living in Sarasota Bay, Florida (map of Florida).
Acoustic recordings have been made of most of these dolphins, which have been studied for more than 30 years.
For the new study each dolphin's signature whistle was isolated from the recordings and then played back to the animals through underwater loudspeakers.
The team found that the listening dolphins responded strongly to recordings of the names of their relatives and close group members but largely ignored those of other dolphins.
Janik says the recordings were synthesized electronically to rule out the possibility that the dolphins recognized each other simply by the sound of their voices.
"It's the equivalent of a computerized voice, where you can't tell who is speaking by the voice alone," he said.
The study team says whistles that identify an individual would be especially useful to bottlenose dolphins, because they live in large groups and have complex social interactions.
"Group changes are incredibly dynamic, and you need a way of knowing exactly who's around you," Janik said. "Dolphins often prefer to spend time with particular individuals."
But living in the murky ocean makes it hard to hook up with your dolphin buddies.
"Finding each other isn't so easy in marine environments, because visibility is very poor—maybe just a couple of meters," Janik said.
"Instead of looking around, they really need some other obvious and reliable system to find another animal."
The researchers suggest the dolphins use acoustic communication and signature whistles to locate and identify individual animals.
"You really have to have something more than a voice. You need something that's as different as a name," Janik said.
Customized Whistles
The ability to develop individually distinctive calls requires vocal learning, a relatively rare skill that's seen in humans, dolphins, elephants, and a few other animals including certain birds.
(Read related news: "Elephants Can Mimic Traffic, Other Noises, Study Says.")
Bottlenose dolphins are among the most versatile vocal learners and show cognitive abilities similar to those of primates.
The study team says young dolphins appear to create their own signature whistles from those of adult dolphins.
"They are listening to a lot of other whistles in the environment, then take parts of some that they've heard and put them together as a new one," Janik said.
Other researchers, however, have argued that dolphins don't have signature whistles.
In 2001 Brenda McCowan of the University of California, Davis, and Diana Reiss of the New York Aquarium in Brooklyn published a study suggesting that bottlenose dolphins don't use individual names but rather a shared contact call.
Their research was based on captive dolphins, which, Janik says, wouldn't have the same difficulties wild dolphins have with staying in touch.
"They don't live in the kind of complex environment that wild dolphins inhabit," he said. "They are in relatively small environs, in very clear water, and can see each other all the time."
Janik says that bottlenose dolphins may turn out to be just the first of various animals that use their own names.
Researchers have identified what could be signature whistles in other dolphin species, including spotted, white-sided, and dusky dolphins.
Some birds possibly also use names to communicate with each other, Janik adds.
"The one group of birds where that's possible is parrots," he said.
"Parrots have a very similar social structure to dolphins, and it seems they may also have a similar [naming] system."