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The National Energy Policy Development Group - Energy Task Force

This falls under "What comes first, the chicken or the egg?"

Scalia says he's proud he didn't recuse himself in Cheney case

scaliagesture03302006.jpg


Source: wfsb.com

The West's Battle For Oil - The Energy Task Force
Document Says Oil Chiefs Met With Cheney Task Force
U.S. Court Dismisses Cheney Energy Task Force Case
May 2001 - The National Energy Policy Development Group

4/2/2006

HARTFORD, Conn. -- Conservative U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia had some advice Wednesday for those who questioned his impartiality after he refused to recuse himself from a case involving his hunting buddy, Vice President Dick Cheney.

"For Pete's sake, if you can't trust your Supreme Court justice more than that, get a life," Scalia said.

Scalia, addressing an audience at the University of Connecticut's law school on Wednesday, said recusing himself from the 2004 case _ which focused on an energy task force that Cheney led _ would only have given fuel to newspaper editorial writers and other detractors who have said he is too close to the vice president.

"I think the proudest thing I have done on the bench is not allowed myself to be chased off that case," Scalia said.

The case in question involved Cheney's request to keep private the details of closed-door White House strategy sessions that produced the administration's energy policy.

The administration fought a lawsuit brought by watchdog and environmental groups that contended that industry executives, including former Enron chairman Ken Lay, helped shape that policy. The Supreme Court upheld the administration position on a 7-2 vote.

Scalia refused to recuse himself from the case, rejecting arguments by critics who questioned his impartiality because of a hunting vacation that he took with Cheney while the case was pending.

Scalia told the audience Wednesday that he would have stepped aside had the case involved Cheney personally, but that he viewed it differently because the vice president was named in his official capacity as head of the group.

Scalia, 70, was appointed in 1982 by President Ronald Reagan to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Reagan nominated him four years later to the U.S. Supreme Court, filling the opening that occurred when William Rehnquist became chief justice.

Scalia takes a very literal approach to the Constitution, telling the audience Wednesday that he strongly disputes the idea that the wording selected by the Constitution's framers should be viewed in light of society's evolving morals and political leanings.

"You can't take the position that these words are expandable in one direction and not expandable in the other," he said. "They obviously meant to set some standards to control future generations."

He also said because of the Supreme Court's time constraints and heavy workload, justices often have to pass on the chance to review many potentially valid cases.

"I can't tell you how many cases I look at and say, 'Boy, they really messed that up,' " he said, then added a motion that pantomimed tossing something aside.

Several UConn law students who attended the speech said afterward that they were surprised by Scalia's candor, though none were surprised that he hewed to his well-documented conservative stances.

"He's definitely a very smart guy, very bright," said third-year law student Kay Williams of Rockville, Ind. "I think from his speech today, it seemed that while he has certain views, he's not looking to impose them on everyone else."

That opinion was not shared by protesters who set up tables and passed out pamphlets on the lawn near the building where Scalia spoke.

At a same-sex kissing booth near the lecture hall, students said they believe some of Scalia's opinions amount to attacks on gays, women and other minorities.

"His visit opened a lot of conversation on this campus," said third-year law student Colby Smith, who was wearing an "I Kiss Boys" T-shirt. "We want to make sure people understand what the concerns are with him, and why his views are particularly offensive."
 
Family Steering Committee Testimony

I'm willing to bet that there a lot of people who frequent this site who've never taken the time to read these. Please do. They are educational on so many different levels.

Source: 911independentcommission.org

August 17, 2004
FSC members were invited to speak on Voicing a Need for Reform before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee.

Kristen Breitweiser

Mary Fetchet

August 3, 2004
Family Steering Committee members testified during the House Committee on Government Reform Hearings to Review the 9/11 Commission Recommendations

Beverly Eckert

Sally Regenhard

Robin Wiener

January 27, 2004
At the seventh Public Hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, a Statement on Aviation Security by FSC member Carol Ashley was admitted into the record. (Note: Since the statement is 20 pages long, the PDF may take a while to load.)

Carol Ashley

November 19, 2003
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States held its fifth public hearing on November 19, in Madison, N J. Among those testifying were FSC members Sally Regenhard, Founder and Chairperson of the Skyscraper Campaign and Monica Gabrielle, her Co-chair.

Sally Regenhard

Monica Gabrielle

March 31, 2003
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States held its first public hearings on March 31 and April 1, 2003, in New York City. Among those testifying were Mary Fetchet and Mindy Kleinberg, members of the Family Steering Committee for the 9/11 Independent Commission.

Mary Fetchet

Mindy Kleinberg

September 18, 2002
Kristen Breitweiser testified before the Joint Intelligence Committee Hearings in Washington, DC in September , 2002.

Kristen Breitweiser
 
Israel - By Paul Thompson

Transcribed From "The Terror Timeline" - Chapter 14

Jon Gold
10/30/2005

[Note from George Washington: Don't you <i>dare</i> call this post anti-semitic. If you think 9/11 truthers are anti-semitic, .]

Earlier today, I had a thought. "Where is the Israeli 9/11 Truth Movement"? You would think the people of Israel are aware of the allegations towards their Government regarding 9/11. Aren't they curious as to why? After that thought, I, myself, wanted to see everything regarding Israel and 9/11. Aside from the "Dancing Israelis". So, I picked up Paul's book. I'm posting this so everyone has a clear understanding as to why Israel and 9/11 are often mentioned in the same breath.

Please remember that Israel is a country, and Judaism is a religion. If Israel had something to do with 9/11, that DOES NOT mean you blame ALL jews....We don't agree with the actions of our Government. I'm sure if the truth were told, the Israelis would not agree with the actions of theirs. This posting is NOT meant to be anti-semitic. I am Jewish, and respect the religion completely.

All of this is available online at www.cooperativeresearch.org , and since this book was published, there have been several updates in regards to Israel.


Israel
There is a large amount of evidence that fundamentalist Muslims played important roles in the 9/11 attacks, such as the many warnings and examples of foreknowledge coming out of Afghanistan. The U.S. and Israel have been al-Qaeda's prime targets. Indeed, U.S. support of Israel is a primary reason al-Qaeda purports to have targeted the U.S. So any theories indicating an active Israeli role in 9/11 seem utterly preposterous.

Yet there may be some connection between Israel and 9/11. Multiple reports and U.S. government documents have indicated that, at a minimum, in the months before and after 9/11, a peculiar group of Israelis were living in cities and towns across the U.S. Posing as art students, these individuals were observed conducting surveillance of multiple federal buildings in the U.S., and seeking contacts with agents from multiple federal agencies, including the DEA and FBI. Many of the "students" were active or former Israeli military personnel with intelligence expertise. At least some of these "students" lived down the street from hijacker Mohammed Atta and three of his associates in Florida prior to 9/11. More than 100 of these "students" were deported prior to 9/11, and up to 60 were deported afterward. Although the U.S. government has consistently maintained that these individuals were deported for routine visa violations, internal documents leaked to the press indicate that at least some in the government suspected the students were part of an Israeli spy ring. [ Salon, 5/7/02 ]

The most common theory offered to explain this story is that the spies were assisting the U.S.'s counter-terrorism efforts, and that they actually warned the U.S. of the pending attack based on the intelligence they obtained, including names of some of the hijackers, in the weeks prior to 9/11.

Another theory is that the spies were in the U.S. for entirely different purposes, wholly unrelated to 9/11. [ Salon, 5/7/02 ] Most controversially, some suggest that Israel knew about the 9/11 attacks but failed to warn the U.S., or even that Israel itself was behind the attacks. [ REUTERS, 9/11/03; NEW JERSEY STAR-LEDGER, 12/29/03 ]

Although some news outlets have reported on this alleged Israeli "art student spy ring," such stories have generally failed to garner front-page coverage. The case of one Israeli spy in the U.S., Jonathan Pollard, probably generated more news coverage when he was arrested about 15 years earlier than the news coverage hundreds of "art student" spies combined have generated. Fox News gave into pressure and pulled its ground-breaking story on the spy ring from its website, and anonymous U.S. officials have warned that to speak of the topic could endanger their careers.

The actions of the Mossad, Israel's spy agency, are shrouded in secrecy and often hard to fathom. Ephraim Halevy, head of the Mossad at the time of 9/11, claims, "Not one big success of the Mossad has ever been made public." [ CBS NEWS, 2/8/03 ] As with other issues related to 9/11, the purpose of this book is not to theorize, or speculate, but to compile the facts as they are known to date, based on what has been reported on this issue. The "art student spy ring" story remains one of the most baffling of the many 9/11 mysteries.

January 2000: Israeli Spy Ring Begins Penetrating US
A DEA government document later leaked to the press [ DEA report, 6/01 ] suggests that a large Israeli spy ring starts penetrating the US from at least this time, if not earlier. This ring, which will later become popularly known as the “art student spy ring,” is later shown to have strange connections to the events of 9/11. [ Insight, 3/11/02 ]

February 6, 2000: Apparent Mossad Attempt to Infiltrate al-Qaeda Thwarted
India's largest Newsweekly reports that it appears a recent Mossad attempt to infiltrate al-Qaeda failed when undercover agents were stopped on their way to Bangladesh by Indian customs officials. These 11 men appeared to be from Afghanistan, but had Israeli passports. One expert states, “It is not unlikely for Mossad to recruit 11 Afghans in Iran and grant them Israeli citizenship to penetrate a network such as bin Laden's. They would begin by infiltrating them into an Islamic radical group in an unlikely place like Bangladesh.” [ The Week, 2/6/00 ]

April 19, 2000: Reports Indicate Israeli Organized Crime Units Dominate Ecstasy Distribution
USA Today reports that “Israeli crime groups ... dominate distribution” of Ecstasy. [USA Today, 4/19/00] The DEA also states that most of the Ecstasy sold in the US is “controlled by organized crime figures in Western Europe, Russia, and Israel .” [UPI, 10/25/01] According to DEA documents, the Israeli “art student spy ring” “has been linked to several ongoing DEA [Ecstasy] investigations in Florida, California, Texas, and New York now being closely coordinated by DEA headquarters.” [ Insight, 3/11/02 ]

December 2000-April 2001: Israeli Investigators Deported After Identifying Two Hijackers
According to later German reports, “a whole horde of Israeli counter-terror investigators, posing as students, [follow] the trails of Arab terrorists and their cells in the United States. ... In the town of Hollywood, Florida, they [identify] ... Atta and Marwan Alshehhi as possible terrorists. Agents [live] in the vicinity of the apartment of the two seemingly normal flight school students, observing them around the clock.” Supposedly, around April, the Israeli agents are discovered and deported, terminating the investigation. [ Der Spiegel, 10/1/02 ]

March 23, 2001: DEA Issues Alert to Look Out for Israeli Spies
The Office of National Drug Control Policy issues a National Security Alert describing “apparent attempts by Israeli nationals to learn about government personnel and office layouts.” This later becomes known through a leaked DEA document called “Suspicious Activities Involving Israeli Art Students at DEA Facilities.” A crackdown ensues and by June, around 120 Israelis are apprehended. More are apprehended later. [ DEA report, 6/01 ]

June 2001: DEA Draws Up Report on Israeli Spies
The DEA's Office of Security Programs prepares a 60-page internal memo on the Israeli “art student spy ring.” [ DEA report, 6/01 ] The Memo is a compilation of dozens of field reports, and was meant only for the eyes of senior officials at the Justice Department (of which the DEA is adjunct), but it is leaked to the press around December 2001. The report connects the spies to efforts to foil investigations into Israeli organized crime activity involving the importation of the drug Ecstasy. The spies also appear to be snooping on top-secret military bases. For instance, on April 30, 2001, an Air Force alert was issued from Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City concerning “possible intelligence collection being conducted by Israeli art students.” Tinker AFB houses AWACS surveillance craft and Stealth bombers. By the time of the report, the US has “apprehended or expelled close to 120 Israeli nationals” but many remain at large. [ Le Monde, 3/5/02; Salon, 5/7/02 ] An additional 20 or so Israeli spies are apprehended between June and 9/11. [ Fox News, 12/12/01 ]

August 8-15, 2001: Israel Reportedly Warns of Major Assault on the US
At some point between these dates, Israel warns the US that an al-Qaeda attack is imminent. [ Fox News, 5/17/02 ] Reportedly, two high-ranking agents from the Mossad come to Washington and warn the FBI and CIA that from 50 to 200 terrorists have slipped into the US and are planning “a major assault on the United States.” They say indications point to a “large scale target,” and that Americans would be “very vulnerable.” They add there could be Iraqi connections to the al-Qaeda attack. [ Daily Telegraph, 9/16/01; Los Angeles Times, 9/20/01; Ottawa Citizen, 9/17/01 ] The Los Angeles Times later retracts its story after a CIA spokesperson says, “There was no such warning. Allegations that there was are complete and utter nonsense.” [ Los Angeles Times, 9/21/01 (B) ] Other newspapers do not retract it.

August 23, 2001: Mossad Reportedly Gives CIA List of Terrorist Living in US; at Least Four 9/11 Hijackers Named
According to German newspapers, the Mossad gives the CIA a list of 19 terrorists living in the US and say that they appear to be planning to carry out an attack in the near future. It is unknown if these are the 19 9/11 hijackers or if the number is a coincidence. However, four names on the list are known, and these four will be 9/11 hijackers: Nawaf Alhazmi, Khalid Almihdhar, Marwan Alshehhi, and Mohamed Atta. [ Die Zeit, 10/1/02; Der Spiegel, 10/1/02; BBC, 10/2/02; Ha'aretz, 10/3/02 ] The Mossad appears to have learned about this through its “art student spy ring.” Yet apparently, this warning and list are not treated as particularly urgent by the CIA and the information is not passed on to the FBI. It is unclear whether this warning influenced the decision to add Alhazmi and Almihdhar to a terrorism watch list on this same day, and if so, why only those two. [Der Spiegel, 10/1/02] Israel has denied that there were any Mossad agents in the US. [ Ha'aretz, 10/3/02 ]

September 4, 2001: Mossad Gives Another Warning of Major, Imminent Attack
“On or around” this day, the Mossad give their “latest” warning to the US of a major, imminent attack by al-Qaeda, according to sources close to Mossad. One former Mossad agent says, “My understanding is that the warning was not specific. No target was identified. But it should have resulted in an increased state of security.” US intelligence claims this never happened. [ Sunday Mail, 9/16/01 ]

September 4, 2001: Israeli Company Moves Out of WTC
The Zim-American Israeli Shipping Co. moves their North American headquarters from the 16th floor of the WTC to Norfolk, Virginia, one week before the 9/11 attacks. The Israeli government owns 49 percent of the company. [ Virginian-Pilot, 9/4/01 ] Zim announced the move and its date six months earlier. [ Virginian-Pilot, 4/3/01 ] More than 200 workers had just been moved out; about ten are still in the building making final moving arrangements on 9/11, but escape. [ Jerusalem Post, 9/13/01; Journal of Commerce, 10/18/01 ] The move leaves only one Israeli company, ClearForest, with 18 employees, in the WTC on 9/11. The four or five employees in the building at the time manage to escape. [ Jerusalem Post, 9/13/01 ] One year later, a Zim ship is impounded while attempting to ship Israeli military equipment to Iran; it is speculated that this is done with the knowledge of Israel . [ Agence France-Presse, 8/29/02 (B) ]

September 11, 2001: Two Hours Before Attacks, Israeli Company Employees Receive Warnings
Two employees of Odigo, Inc., an Israeli company, receive warnings of an imminent attack in New York City about two hours before the first plane hits the WTC. Odigo, one of the world's largest instant messaging companies, has its headquarters two blocks from the WTC. The Odigo Research and Development offices where the warnings were received are located in Herzliyya, a suburb of Tel Aviv. Israeli security and the FBI were notified immediately after the 9/11 attacks began. The two employees claim not to know who sent the warnings. “Odigo service includes a feature called People Finder that allows users to seek out and contact others based on certain interests or demographics. [Alex] Diamandis [Odigo vice president of sales and marketing] said it was possible that the attack warning was broadcast to other Odigo members, but the company has not received reports of other recipients of the message.” [ Ha'aretz, 9/26/01; Washington Post, 9/27/01 (C) ] Odigo claims the warning did not specifically mention the WTC, but the company refuses to divulge what was specified, claiming, “Providing more details would only lead to more conjecture.” [ Washington Post, 9/28/01 ] Odigo gave the FBI the Internet address of the message's sender so the name of the sender could be found. [ Deutsche Presse-Agenteur, 9/26/01 ] Two months later, it is reported that the FBI is still investigating the matter, but there have been no reports since. [ Courier Mail, 11/20/01 ]

End Part I
 
September 11, 2001: Israeli Special-Ops Passenger Shot or Stabbed by Hijackers?
An FAA memo written on the evening of 9/11, and later leaked, suggests that a man on Flight 11 was shot and killed by a gun before the plane crashed into the WTC. The “Executive Summary,” based on information relayed by a flight attendant to the American Airlines Operation Center, stated “that a passenger located in seat 10B [Satam Al Suqami] shot and killed a passenger in seat 9B [Daniel Lewin] at 9:20 am.” (Note that since Flight 11 crashed at 8:46, the time must be a typo, probably meaning 8:20). A report in Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz on September 17 identifies Lewin as a former member of the Israel Defense Force Sayeret Matkal, Israel's most successful special-operations unit. [ UPI, 3/6/02 ] Sayeret Matkal is a deep-penetration unit that has been involved in assassinations, the theft of foreign signals-intelligence materials, and the theft and destruction of foreign nuclear weaponry. Sayeret Matkal is best known for the 1976 rescue of 106 passengers at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. [ New Yorker, 10/29/01 ] Lewin founded Akamai, a successful computer company, and his connections to Sayeret Matkal remained hidden until the gun story became known. [ Guardian, 9/15/01 ] FAA and American Airline officials later deny the gun story and suggest that Lewin was probably stabbed to death instead. [ UPI, 3/6/02; Washington Post, 3/2/02 (B) ] Officials assert that the leaked document was a “first draft,” and subsequently corrected, but declines to release the final draft, calling it “protected information.” However, an FAA official present when the memo was drafted will dispute the FAA's claim, asserting that “[t]he document was reviewed for accuracy by a number of people in the room, including myself and a couple of managers of the operations center.” [ World Net Daily, 3/7/02 ]

September 11, 2001: Five Israelis Arrested for Puzzling Behavior near WTC
Five Israelis are arrested around 4:30 pm for “puzzling behavior” related to the WTC attacks: filming the burning WTC from the roof of their company's building near Liberty State Park, New Jersey, then shouting in what was interpreted as cries of joy and mockery. A neighbor spotted them and called the police and the FBI. The police tracked them down in a van with the words “Urban Moving Systems” written on the side. [ Bergen Record, 9/12/01; Ha'aretz, 9/17/01 ] One man was found with $4,700 in cash hidden in his sock, another had two passports on him, and a box cutter was found in the van. [ ABC News, 6/21/02 ] Investigators say that “[t]here are maps of the city in the car with certain places highlighted... It looked like they're hooked in with this. It looked like they knew what was going to happen.” [ Bergen Record, 9/12/01 ] One of these Israelis later says, “our purpose was to document the event.” [ ABC News, 6/21/02 ] The FBI later concludes at least two are Mossad agents and that all were on a Mossad surveillance mission. The FBI interrogates them for weeks. [ Forward, 3/15/02 ] They are held on immigration violation charges, but are released 71 days later. [ ABC News, 6/21/02 ] Their names are later identified as Sivan and Paul Kurzberg, Oded Ellner, Omer Marmari, and Yaron Shmuel. [ Forward, 3/15/02 ]

September 11, 2001: Former Israeli Prime Minister: 9/11 Very Good for Israeli-US Relations
Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, when asked what the 9/11 attacks means for relations between the US and Israel , replies, “It's very good.” Then he edits himself: “Well, not very good, but it will generate immediate sympathy.” [ New York Times, 9/12/01 (C) ] A week later, the Village Voice states, “From national networks to small-town newspapers, the view that America's terrible taste of terrorism will finally do away with even modest calls for the restraint of Israel's military attacks on Palestinian towns has become an instant, unshakable axiom. ... Now, support for Israel in America is officially absolute, and Palestinians are cast once again as players in a global terrorist conspiracy.” [ Village Voice, 9/19/01 ]

September 14, 2001: Head of Shadowy Company Flees US
Dominick Suter, owner of the company Urban Moving Systems, flees the country to Israel . The FBI later tells ABC News, “Urban Moving may have been providing cover for an Israeli intelligence operation.” Suter has been tied to the five Israeli agents caught filming the WTC attack. The FBI had questioned Suter around September 12, removing boxes of documents and a dozen computer hard drives. However, when the FBI returns a few days later, he is gone. [ Forward, 3/15/02; New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety, 12/13/01; ABC News, 6/21/02 ]

September 29-30, 2001: Suspected Mossad Agents Detained, Released
Police in the Midwest stop six men carrying suspicious documents. They possess photos and descriptions of a nuclear power plant in Florida and the Trans-Alaska pipeline, and have “box cutters and other equipment.” All six have Israeli passports. They are released the same day after their passports are shown to be valid, but before anyone interviews them. The FBI is reportedly furious about their release. [ Miami Herald, 10/3/01; Knight Ridder, 10/31/01; Times of London, 11/2/01 ] The six men may have been Mossad agents. In addition to snooping on the DEA and Islamic militants, some Mossad agents in the “art student spy ring” have been caught trying to break into military bases and other top-secret facilities (see March 23, 2001). [ Salon, 5/7/02 ]

October 16, 2001: Several Arrested for Curious Sears Tower Surveillance
Two men, Moshe Elmakias and Ron Katar, are arrested after being found with a detailed video of the Sears Tower in Chicago. In addition, a woman named Ayelet Reisler is found with them, carrying conflicting identification information. They are arrested for illegal dumping, using a van with the name Moving Systems Incorporated. The video contains extensive zoom in shots of the Sears Tower; it is not known when the video was filmed. [ Philadelphia Mercury, 10/18/01 ]

November 20, 2001: Israelis Who Videotaped WTC Attack Are Released, Deported
The five Israelis arrested on 9/11 for videotaping the WTC attack and then cheering about it (see September 11, 2001) are released and deported to Israel . Some of the men's names had appeared in a US national intelligence database, and the FBI has concluded that at least two of the men were working for the Mossad, according to ABC News. However, the FBI says that none of the Israelis had any advanced knowledge of the 9/11 attacks, and they were released as part of a deal between the US and the Israeli government. After their release, they claim to have been tortured. [ Forward, 3/15/02; ABC News, 6/21/02 ]

November 23, 2001: More Israelis Arrested in Wake of 9/11
The Washington Post reports that “[a]t least 60 young Israeli Jews have been arrested and detained around the country on immigration charges since the September 11 attacks, many of them held on US government officials' invocation of national security.” An INS official who requested anonymity says the use of the term “special interest” for Israelis being held in Cleveland, St. Louis, and other places means the case in question is “related to the investigation of September 11th.” [ Washington Post, 11/23/01 ] Most of them are deported. However, Intelligence Online claims that “For the overwhelming majority of the ring's members expelled, there was no problem at all with visas, and in the lists we only found a few minor cases of expired visas."” [ Agence France-Presse, 3/6/02 ]

End Part II
 
December 12-15, 2001: News Reports Raises Israeli Spying Questions
Fox News reports, “Investigators within the DEA, INS, and FBI have all told Fox News that to pursue or even suggest Israeli spying ... is considered career suicide.” “A highly placed investigator says there are ‘tie-ins’ between the spy ring and 9/11. However, when asked for details, he flatly refuses to describe them, saying, ‘evidence linking these Israelis to 9/11 is classified. I cannot tell you about evidence that has been gathered. It's classified information.’ ” The report also reveals that Amdocs, an Israeli company, is recording virtually every phone call in the US and could be passing information on to the Israeli government (similar claims were first raised in 2000 [ Insight, 5/29/00 ] ). Fox News suggests that the position of this company might impede the 9/11 investigation. [ Fox News, 12/12/01 ]

December 16, 2001: Fox News Removes Controversial Story from Website, but Story Nonetheless Makes an Impact
Fox News removes its series on the “art student spy ring” from its website after only two days, in response to pressure from The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) and others. CAMERA suggests the reporter “has something, personally, about Israel . ... Maybe he's very sympathetic to the Arab side.” [ Salon, 5/7/02 ] The head of the ADL calls the report “sinister dangerous innuendo which fuels anti-Semitism.” [ Forward, 12/21/01 ] Yet there does not appear to be any substance to these personal attacks (and Forward later reverses its stance on the spy ring (see March 15, 2002)). Fox News also never makes a formal repudiation or correction about the series. The contents of the series continues to be generally ignored by the mainstream media, but it makes a big impact inside the US government: An internal DEA communiqué from December 18 mentions the Fox report by name, and warns of security breaches in telecommunications as described in the Fox report. [ Salon, 5/7/02 ]

March 5, 2002: Israeli Spies Reportedly Tracked 9/11 Hijackers
It is reported that many spies in the uncovered Israeli spy ring seemed to have been trailing the 9/11 hijackers. At the very least, they were in close proximity. For instance, five Israeli spies are intercepted in the tiny town of Hollywood, Florida, and four 9/11 hijackers are known to have spent time in Hollywood, Florida. [ Le Monde, 3/5/02; Reuters, 3/5/02; Jane's Intelligence Digest, 3/15/02 ] In one case, some Israeli spies lived at 4220 Sheridan Street, only a few hundred feet from where Mohamed Atta was living at 3389 Sheridan Street. Israeli spies appear to have been close to at least ten of the 19 9/11 hijackers. [ Salon, 5/7/02 ]

March 6, 2002: US Officials Deny Existence of Israeli Spy Ring
A Washington Post article, relying on US officials, denies the existence of any Israeli spy ring. A “wide array of US officials” supposedly deny it, and Justice Department spokeswoman Susan Dryden says: “This seems to be an urban myth that has been circulating for months. The department has no information at this time to substantiate these widespread reports about Israeli art students involved in espionage.” [ Washington Post, 3/6/02 ] The New York Times fails to cover the story at all, even months later. [ Salon, 5/7/02 ] By mid-March, Jane's Intelligence Digest, the respected British intelligence and military analysis service, notes: “It is rather strange that the US media seems to be ignoring what may well be the most explosive story since the 11 September attacks—the alleged breakup of a major Israeli espionage operation in the USA.” [ Jane's Intelligence Digest, 3/15/02 ]

March 11, 2002: Suspected Israeli Students Reportedly Served in Military
A newspaper reports that the DEA study on Israeli “art students” determined the “students” all had “recently served in the Israeli military, the majority in intelligence, electronic signal intercept, or explosive ordnance units.” [ Palm Beach Post, 3/11/02 ]

March 15, 2002: Jewish Magazine Says Israelis Spied in US on Radical Muslims
Forward, a US publication with a large Jewish audience, admits that there has been an Israeli spy ring in the US. [ Forward, 3/15/02 ] This is a reversal of their earlier stance. [ Forward, 12/21/01 ] But, “far from pointing to Israeli spying against US government and military facilities, as reported in Europe last week, the incidents in question appear to represent a case of Israelis in the United States spying on a common enemy, radical Islamic networks suspected of links to Middle East terrorism.” [ Forward, 3/15/02 ]

May 7, 2002: Explosives Detected on Illegal Israelis
A moving truck is pulled over for speeding in the middle of the night in Oak Harbor, Washington, near the Whidbey Island Naval Air Station. The base is the home of the advanced electronic warfare Prowler jets. A bomb-sniffing dog detects explosives on one of the men and inside the truck. High-tech equipment is then used to confirm the presence of TNT on the gearshift and RDX plastic explosive on the steering wheel. Both men turn out to be Israeli (one with an altered passport) and in the country illegally. [ Fox News, 5/13/02 ] However, the FBI later clears the two men, saying both the dog and the tests just detected false positives from “residue left by a cigarette lighter.” [ Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 5/14/02; Jerusalem Post, 5/14/0 2] The “art student spy ring” frequently uses moving vans as cover, and has been caught spying on the most top secret military bases. [ Salon, 5/7/02 ] In a possibly related story, the Seattle FBI office that handled this case will be broken into a few weeks later, and even a room containing evidence will be penetrated. [ Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 7/29/02 ]

May 7, 2002: Sloppy Israeli Spy Ring Could Have Been Smoke Screen
Salon reports on the Israeli “art student spy ring.” All the “students” claim to have come from either Bezalel Academy or the University of Jerusalem. A look in the Bezalel database shows that not a single “art student” appears to have attended school there. There is no such thing as the University of Jerusalem. In fact, the article points out that the sheer sloppiness and brazenness of the spy operation appears to be a great mystery, especially since the Mossad is renowned as one of the best spy agencies in the world. One government source suggests a theory to Salon that the “art students” were actually a smoke screen. They were meant to be caught and connected to DEA surveillance so that a smaller number of spies also posing as art students could complete other missions. One such mission could have been the monitoring of al-Qaeda operatives. [ Salon, 5/7/02 ] Shortly afterwards, a major Israeli newspaper publishes a story about the spy ring, but does not come to any conclusions. [ Ha'aretz, 5/14/02 ]

November 2002: Saudi Interior Minister Blames Jews for 9/11 Attacks
Saudi Interior Minister Prince Nayef blames Zionists and Jews for the 9/11 attacks. He tells journalists, “Who has benefited from September 11 attacks? I think [the Jews] were the protagonists of such attacks.” Nayef is in charge of the Saudi investigation into the attacks, and some US congresspeople respond to the comments by questioning how strongly Saudi Arabia is investigating the involvement of the 15 Saudi 9/11 hijackers. [ Associated Press, 12/5/02 ]

May 2004: More Israelis Are Arrested in Suspicious Circumstances, Again Traveling in Moving Vans
On May 9, two Israelis are arrested after a high-speed chase in Tennessee. They are found with false documents. [ WYCB, 5/9/04 ] On May 27, two others are arrested after trying to enter an Atlanta military base. Explosives are possibly discovered in their van. [ Kings Bay Periscope, 5/27/04 ]

End
 
The Afghanistan War

This was the first place American troops were sent. It's often referred to as the "forgotten war" because the media barely covers it anymore.

The objective of the invasion? To hunt down and kill Osama Bin Laden. Instead, we let him escape through Tora Bora.

The Taliban has resurfaced, and is coming on strong. The country now provides 92% of the world's opium.

The murders that took place on 9/11, were a crime. As Donna Marsh O'Connor said, committed by men. Not a country. By men.

I think it's important we find out who those men were, and not hold an entire country accountable for the actions of a few.

Bush, Karzai Sign Pact For Long-Term U.S. Military Presence In Afghanistan

Hospital In Germany Copes With Heavy Flow Of Wounded From Iraq, Afghanistan

U.S. Acknowledges Torture At Guantanamo; In Iraq, Afghanistan - U.N.

Afghanistan Produced Heroin Seized In Iraq

Study Proposes Opium Licensing For Afghanistan

Taliban Still 'Alive And Kicking' In Afghanistan

Afghanistan: The War With No End

U.N. Finds Afghanistan Opium Declined 2.5%, Still Producing 87% Of World's Crop

Taliban Leader Vows More Attacks In Afghanistan

Remember Afghanistan? Insurgents Bring Suicide Terror To Country

"The New Afghanistan Is A Myth. It's Time To Go And Get A Job Abroad"

Bush Faces "Tough" Questions In Afghanistan

President Had Invasion Plans For Afghanistan On His Desk 9/9/2001

Afghanistan Gripped By Worst Fighting Since 2001

Britain Is The Fall Guy For The U.S. Retreat From Afghanistan

U.S. Back At Full War Footing In Afghanistan

Afghanistan Close To Anarchy, Warns General

NATO Takes Over In Afghanistan

Marines To Recall Troops On Involuntary Basis For Iraq, Afghanistan

Afghanistan Now Supplies "A Staggering 92%" Of The World's Opium

U.S. Nato Envoy Calls For More Troops In Afghanistan

Afghanistan Five Years Later: Poverty, Violence, Misery

The Bush/Cheney Drug Empire

White House/U.S. Gov't Presiding Over 'Narcotics State'

Scores Died In U.S. Custody In War Zones

'Troubled' Afghanistan-Pakistan-Iran Triangle May Deepen US Presence

While Closing Bases At Home, U.S. Considers Offers From Foreign Governments

Citizens Find Bush Guilty Of Afghan War Crimes

US Scatters Bases To Control Eurasia

U.N.: Iraq Becoming Transit Point For Drugs

Afghans Angry That We Flushed Quran Down The Toilet

Karzai Slams Anti-US Protesters

Afghan Clerics Threaten Muslim Holy War Over Quran

Newsweek Apologizes For Quran Story

Afghans Give U.S. 3 Days To Explain Report On Quran

Muslims Skeptical On Quran Apology

White House Says Newsweek Report Damaged U.S. Image

White House, Media In Struggle For Credibility

John Conyers BLASTS White House About Newsweek

Afghan Riots NOT Tied To Report On Quran Handling, General Says

Red Cross Warned U.S. Over Quran

Flames Of Hate

Karzai Rejects Criticism Over Opium Trade

Amnesty's Human Rights Report Blasts U.S.

Pentagon: Inmate Retracts Quran Abuse Charge

Pentagon Spokesman Lied Repeatedly Over Claim Quran Abuse Hadn't Been Confirmed

White House: Quran Abuse Isolated

Qazi Says 9/11 Was A Planned Conspiracy To Crush Muslims

U.S. 'Planned Attack On Taleban'

U.K. Under Fire Over Afghan Opium

Pakistan Supporting Terrorism: Afghan Minister

9/11 In Historical Perspective: Flawed Assumptions - By Peter Dale Scott

CIA Commander: We Let Bin Laden Slip Away

July 21, 2001: US Official Threatens Possible Military Action Against Taliban by October if Pipeline Is Not Pursued Niaz Naik. [Source: Calcutta Telegraph]
Three former American officials, Tom Simons (former US Ambassador to Pakistan), Karl Inderfurth (former Deputy Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs), and Lee Coldren (former State Department expert on South Asia) meet with Pakistani and Russian intelligence officers in a Berlin hotel. [Salon, 9/16/2002] This is the third of a series of back-channel conferences called “brainstorming on Afghanistan.” Taliban representatives sat in on previous meetings, but boycotted this one due to worsening tensions. However, the Pakistani ISI relays information from the meeting to the Taliban. [Guardian, 10/22/2001] At the meeting, Coldren passes on a message from Bush officials. He later says, “I think there was some discussion of the fact that the United States was so disgusted with the Taliban that they might be considering some military action.” [Guardian, 10/26/2001] Accounts vary, but former Pakistani Foreign Secretary Niaz Naik later says he is told by senior American officials at the meeting that military action to overthrow the Taliban in Afghanistan is planned to “take place before the snows started falling in Afghanistan, by the middle of October at the latest.” The goal is to kill or capture both bin Laden and Taliban leader Mullah Omar, topple the Taliban regime, and install a transitional government of moderate Afghans in its place. Uzbekistan and Russia would also participate. Naik also says, “It was doubtful that Washington would drop its plan even if bin Laden were to be surrendered immediately by the Taliban.” [BBC, 10/18/2001] One specific threat made at this meeting is that the Taliban can choose between “carpets of bombs” —an invasion—or “carpets of gold” —the pipeline. [Brisard and Dasquie, 2002] Naik contends that Tom Simons made the “carpets” statement. Simons claims, “It’s possible that a mischievous American participant, after several drinks, may have thought it smart to evoke gold carpets and carpet bombs. Even Americans can’t resist the temptation to be mischievous.” Naik and the other American participants deny that the pipeline was an issue at the meeting. [Salon, 9/16/2002]

Hat tip to www.cooperativeresearch.org
 
Dick Cheney

Dick Cheney is a pivotal character in the 9/11 affair. I thought I would post every article I have on him so you can see just how "evil" this man is. Be sure to check out the blog on Halliburton, and the blog on the PNAC as well.

cheney.jpg


BREAKING NEWS: Dick Cheney Behind 9/11 Attacks - MUST READ

U.S. Court Dismisses Cheney Energy Task Force Case

Dick Cheney Is... Goldfinger - Video Inside

Bush, Cheney And 9/11

Cheney 'Offended' By Human Rights Report

Cheney Says Confident Of Bolton UN Confirmation

Cheney Invokes 9/11, Lauds Air Force Grads

North Korea To Ignore Talks After Cheney Comments

Top Cheney Aide Aide Among Sources In CIA Story

Cheney To Lead U.S. Delegation To Saudi Arabia

The Vice Presidential Debate - Dick Cheney Vs. John Edwards - Video Inside

Dick Cheney Is Still On Vacation, And Condi Shopped For $7000 Shoes During Katrina

Cheney Told To 'Go Fuck Yourself' In Gulfport, Mississippi

VP Cheney Tours Gulf Searching For Beachfront Property

Man Who Said, "Fuck Yourself" To Cheney Selling Tape On Ebay

Protesters Deride VP Cheney As He Visits Austin Shelter

Cheney Orders Rural Electric Crews To Work On Oil Pipeline From Texas

Dick Cheney, Indictment?

Bush And Cheney Directly Involved In CIA Leak? - Video Inside

Weak Responses Led To 9/11, Cheney Asserts

Cheney Warns Of 'Decades Of War'

Letter Shows Cheney Aide Was Prodded In Leak Probe

Cheney Spokesman Departs Country As CIA Leak Investigation Wraps Up

Dick Cheney's Halliburton Stock Options Rose In Value 3281% In One Year

CIA Leak Prosecutor Asked About Any Cheney Role

Cheney May Be Entangled In CIA Leak Investigation, People Say

Cheney Aide, John Hannah, Cooperating With CIA Outing Probe, Sources Say

White House Watch: Cheney Resignation Rumors Fly

Second Cheney Aide, David Wurmser, Cooperating In Leak Probe

Cheney 'Cabal' Hijacked Foreign Policy

Cheney Aide Wurmser Passed Plame's Name To Libby, Hadley

CHENEY TOLD LIBBY PLAME'S NAME

Cheney Withheld Information From Congress About War

Former Powell Chief Of Staff Blasts Bush & Cheney - Video Inside

Sen. Reid Calls On Bush, Cheney To Apologize

Cheney In The Bunker

Cheney Fights For Detainee Policy

Ahmed Chalabi To Meet Cheney

Another Dick Cheney Lie? - Video Inside

CIA V. Cheney

Rumsfeld, Cheney Meet With Chalabi

Cheney Heckled By Anti-War Protesters

Cheney Says War Critics 'Dishonest, Reprehensible'

Document Says Oil Chiefs Met With Cheney Task Force

Jon Stewart Exposes Cheney For The Fascist That He Is - Video Inside

The Long March Of Dick Cheney

Cheney Accused On Prisoner Abuse

Cheney Led Cheerleaders Of Iraq Invasion; Is Back On Stump

Cheney And Fried Rice In Hot Water

Bush Backs Rumsfeld, Cheney, Rove

Cheney Makes Surprise Visit To Iraq A Day After Hillary Asked Him To Go

Cheney Fields Tough Questions From Troops

Cheney Says 9/11 Attacks Could Have Been Averted With Wiretaps

Cheney Defends Wiretaps

Cheney Calls For More Presidential Powers

Cheney Hospitalized, Then Released

Cheney To Visit Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, And Egypt

Egypt And Saudi Arabia Urge Cheney To Give The Talks More Time With Iran

End Part I
http://www.yourbbsucks.com/forum/showthread.php?p=32258
 
Cheney, Rumsfeld Could Testify In EU Torture Probe

Docs Show Bush Sr., Cheney, And Rumsfeld Debated Wiretaps During Ford Administration

Enron, Cheney, 9/11, Live Hijackers, & Dead Microbiologists: Part I & 2

Senators: Cheney Should Be Probed In Leak

Cheney Says He Can Declassify Secrets "At Will"

All Roads Lead To Dick Cheney

Republican Sues Bush, Cheney, NSA, TSA for Illegal Surveillance, Wiretapping

David Letterman On The Cheney Shooting - Video Inside

Shut The Fuck Up Cheney

President Targets Cheney For Laughs At Dinner

False Alarm: Iraq Not In A Civil War: Says Cheney

Rep. Murtha Says Rumsfed, Cheney Should Resign, Fire Everyone Responsible For War

Cheney Says He Won't Resign, Will Serve Out Term

Whistleblowers Allege Influence Pedlling By Members Of Congress, And Dick Cheney

Former Head Of Star Wars Program Says Cheney Main 9/11 Suspect

Lawyer: Bush Left Leak Details To Cheney

Bush, Cheney Meet With 9/11 Panel

Scalia Says He's Proud He Didn't Recuse Himself In Cheney Case

Cheney Defends War Against Terrorism

Dick Cheney Is Playing With The Iran Contra People Again

Cheney Link Of Iraq, 9/11 Challenged

Cheney Refuses To Tell Us His Secrets

Cheney Sought Rice's Role At The National Security Council

Kremlin: Cheney Attacks On Russia "Incomprehensible"

Cheney Speech Spurs New Cold War: Russian Press

Cheney Making The Case Not To Investigate 9/11 - Audio Inside

White House Backs Cheney On Russia

Cheney Defends Criticism Of Putin

Dennis Hastert Taps Cheney, Goss For Congressional Distinguished Service Awards

Vermont Greens' Historic Call: Impeach Bush, Cheney For 9/11 Crimes, Election Theft

Cheney Pushed U.S. To Widen Eavesdropping

Cheney Notes Add Twist To CIA Leak Probe

Hastert And Cheney Have Words Over Goss

Cheney May Be Called In CIA Leak Case

Experts Say Cheney Can't Avoid Testifying

Eavesdropping To Go On, Cheney Tells Midshipmen

Cheney Aide Is Screening Legislation, Trying To Protect Bush Power

Cheney Came, He Spoke, He Got $300,000

Documents Suggest Army Lied About Cheney Involvement In No-Bid Halliburton Contract

Frontline: The Battle Between Fascist Pig Cheney And CIA To Control The "Dark Side"

Cheney Defends "Final Throes" Remark

Money-Tracking Leak Angers Cheney

Cheney's Cheney

Bush Directed Cheney To Counter Joseph Wilson

Is Cheney Betting On Economic Collapse?

Cheney Behind Turn Toward Dictatorship

Dick Cheney Is Lying And Fear Mongering With 9/11 Again

Cheney And Rumsfeld Covered Up Soldier Atrocities During The Vietnam War

Valerie Plame Sues Dick Cheney Over Leak

Cheney Wants Security To Top Election Agenda

Teacher Under Fire For His Cheney - 9/11 Theory

Essentially, Cheney Says Leaking Information May Bring Another 9/11 - Video Inside

Cheney Uses Israel - Lebanon Conflict As Proof We Need Bush's Friends In Office

Cheney Protected From Plame Lawsuit

Intel. Officials Doubt Iran Uranium Claims, Say Cheney Receiving Suspect Briefings

Cheney Can't Scare Me Anymore

Cheney Fear Mongering Again

Netanyahu To Meet With Cheney About Iran

Cheney Irked By The Spread Of Democracy

Halliburton And Cheney: War Profiteers In Chief Fight To Keep Their Wallets Fat

Cheney Says Hopes Of World Rest On U.S.

VT Congressional Candidate Calls For Arrest Of Bush And Cheney By U.S. Military

Man Arrested For Telling Cheney His Iraq War Policies Are "Reprehensible"

Words Fail Him

White House Cover-Up: McClellan Conceals Heart Attack From Press - Video Inside

Dick Cheney's Actions On 9/11

End
 
Cynthia McKinney

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Today at work, I was having a conversation with someone about how the majority of politicians in Washington D.C. are scum. I then proceeded to tell him that it's a shame they drove Cynthia McKinney out of Washington D.C. Before I knew it, I heard the familiar mantra, "She's a nut."

Cynthia McKinney has done more for the people of this country than almost any other politician. To the best of her ability, she spoke the truth to power, and she did so with a great heart, and a great soul.

I am hoping in the coming elections that a few more Cynthia McKinney's will make it into Washington D.C.

I'm also hoping that we haven't seen the last of the real McCoy.

Thank you Cynthia for everything you've done for us. You are missed more than you know.

The 9/11 Omission Hearings - Complete Videos Inside

Rep. Cynthia McKinnney Questions Rumsfeld, Myers About 9/11 Wargames - Video Inside

The Screwing Of Cynthia McKinney

BREAKING NEWS: Gen. Myers, Rumsfeld Grilled On Missing Money, War Games, Sex Trade

A Message From Cynthia McKinney

U.S. Rep. Cynthia McKinney Blasts Johnny Sutton In Letter To Atty Gen. And HSD

Rep. McKinney To Hold All Day Briefing On 9/11 - Exposing Sham Of 9/11 Report

Uncovering The Untold Story Of 9/11

Congressional Briefing On 9/11 To Air On The Web, TV And Radio

McKinney Reopens 9/11

House Hearing On Anniversary Of 9/11 Report

Conspiracy Theories And The Fight For Truth

Critics Cite Omissions, Cover-Ups On First Anniversary Of 9/11 Commission Report

INN Report Airs Highlights Of Historic 9/11 Briefing On Capitol Hill

9/11 Back To Congress

Don't Lose Hope

The 9/11 Congressional Briefing Hosted By Rep. Cynthia McKinney - Audio Inside

Atlanta Journal Rejects Rep. McKinney Op-Ed Penned In Response To Paper's Smear

The Perfect Analogy

C-SPAN Will Be Broadcasting The Entirety Of The McKinney Congressional Briefing

C-SPAN To Air Entire 9/11 Congressional Briefing - 8/31/05 & 9/2/05

A Review Of The New Wargames Timeline

Top Officials, Leaders State 9/11 Possibly An Inside Job

Divided (By 9/11) We Stand

The 9/11 Omission: Did The 9/11 Commission Get It Wrong?

Top Democrats Won't Attend Anti-War Rally In Washington

McKinney's Panel Drums Up More 9/11 Conspriacy Theories

AIPAC Threatens Retaliation Against Congressmen For Participation In Anti-War Rally

March Of The Conspiracy Theorists

America Is Running Out Of Time

Omissions & Distortions In The 9/11 Commission Report: A Significant Pattern

Help Return Cynthia McKinney To Congress

Weekly Standard Attacks 9/11 Skeptics

Leading Theologian Speaks Out On 9/11

Logic, Data Connect U.S. To 9/11

Transcripts From Cynthia McKinney's 9/11 Congressional Briefing

The Weekly Standard Attacks 9/11 Truth

Statement Of Rep. Cynthia McKinney On The War Resolution Of Rep. John Murtha

Katrina Victims Testify About Ethnic Cleansing, Levee Bomb

Cynthia McKinney's Home Vandalized

Congresswoman Says America Run By Criminal Syndicate

APN Interviews U.S. Rep McKinney On Katrina, Race, Class

Maxim Magazine Covers "9/11 Truth Movement"

The Village Voice Gives A Massive Expose On 9/11 Truth

Taboo Topics

A Popular Groundswell For Impeachment

Cynthia McKinney Accused Of Hitting Officer (All articles related to that incident are in that thread.)

San Francisco Chronicle Attacks 9/11 Truth

Hannity & Colmes Lies About And Attacks Cynthia McKinney - Audio Inside

Distract, Divide, And Conquer

Rep. McKinney Won't Be Charged In Scuffle

What Is The President And The Vice President's Word Worth?

Two Facing McKinney In Primary

The Next Stage Of The 9/11 Truth Movement By Carol Brouillet

Rep. Cynthia McKinney Being Driven Out Of Washington D.C. By Diebold Machines

Cynthia McKinney Fails To Avoid Runoff

McKinney: "I’m The One Who Tells The Truth. On What George Bush Knew About 9/11."

Cynthia McKinney Gives An Incredible Speech - Video Inside

The Weekly Standard Attacks Rep. Cynthia McKinney

Capitol Hill Police: Cynthia McKinney Targeted - Video Inside

McKinney Campaign Claims Name Left Off Ballots

Cynthia Mckinney's Losing Big

Joe Scarborough Portrayed Cynthia McKinney As Crazy, So I Made A Movie - Video Inside

McKinney To File Election Challenge

Interrogating 9/11

World Can't Wait Protests

The Failure To Defend The Skies On 9/11

My Favorite Member Of Congress Is Gone (But Not Forgotten)
 
Military Exercises, Or Wargames, Related To 9/11

[size=-1]Snippet(s) taken from "The Complete 911 Timeline", an online cooperative research project that evaluates mainstream press and other "credible" news and information sources. Its regular updates are mirrored in this blog to give it more overall exposure as well as provide an opportunity to discuss these research results.

[/size] 1991: White House Is Protected From Airplane Attack During Gulf War

Time magazine reports in 1994, "During the Gulf War, uniformed air-defense teams could be seen patrolling the top floor [of the White House] with automatic rifles or shoulder-mounted ground-to-air missiles." [Time, 9/26/1994] While a battery of surface-to-air-missiles remains permanently on the roof of the White House, the rest of these defenses are apparently removed after the war is over. [Daily Telegraph, 9/16/2001] Yet even though counterterrorism officials later call the alerts in the summer of 2001 "the most urgent in decades," similar defensive measures will apparently not be taken. [US Congress, 9/18/2002]

Between 1991 and 2001: NORAD Exercise Simulates Crash into Famous US Building

At some point between 1991 and 2001, a regional NORAD sector holds an exercise simulating a foreign hijacked airliner crashing into a prominent building in the United States, the identity of which is classified. According to military officials, the building is not the World Trade Center or the Pentagon. The exercise involves some flying of military aircraft, plus a "command post exercise" where communication procedures are rehearsed in an office environment. [CNN, 4/19/2004]

Entity Tags: North American Aerospace Defense Command

1996-September 11, 2001: New York Office of Emergency Management Practices for Terrorist Attacks, but Not Using Planes as Missiles

New York City's Office of Emergency Management (OEM) was created in 1996 by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to manage the city's response to catastrophes, including terrorist attacks (see 1996). In the years preceding 9/11, it holds regular interagency training exercises, aiming to carry out a tabletop or field exercise every eight to 12 weeks. Mayor Giuliani is personally involved in many of these. Scenarios drilled include disasters such as poison-gas releases, anthrax attacks, and truck bombs. One exercise, which takes place in May 2001, is based on terrorists attacking New York with bubonic plague (see May 11, 2001). Another, conducted in conjunction with the New York Port Authority, includes a simulated plane crash. Just one week before 9/11, OEM is preparing a tabletop exercise with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), to develop plans for business continuity in New York's Financial District - where the World Trade Center is located - after a terrorist attack. Jerome Hauer, OEM director from 1996 to February 2000, later testifies, "We looked at every conceivable threat that anyone on the staff could think of, be it natural or intentional but not the use of aircraft as missiles." He tells the 9/11 Commission: "We had aircraft crash drills on a regular basis. The general consensus in the city was that a plane hitting a building ... was that it would be a high-rise fire. ... There was never a sense, as I said in my testimony, that aircraft were going to be used as missiles." [Time, 12/31/2001; Jenkins and Edwards-Winslow, 9/2003, pp. 30; 9/11 Commission, 5/19/2004; 9/11 Commission, 5/19/2004 ; 9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 283] OEM will be preparing for a bioterrorism exercise the morning of 9/11 (see 8:48 a.m.) (see September 12, 2001).

Entity Tags: New York Port Authority, Rudolph ("Rudy") Giuliani, Office of Emergency Management, Jerry Hauer, New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority

May 19, 1997: Military Review Suggests Cutting Fighter Protection Over US; Several Bases Are Discontinued

Secretary of Defense William Cohen issues a comprehensive assessment of America's defense requirements, called the Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR). This is a six-month analysis of the "threats, risks and opportunities for US national security," and reviews all aspects of the US defense strategy. [US Department of Defense, 5/19/1997] Amongst other things, the 1997 QDR outlines the conversion of six continental air defense squadrons to general purpose, training or other missions. It calls for there being just four "alert" air defense sites around the US: at Otis, Massachusetts; Homestead, Florida; Riverside, California; and Portland, Oregon. [US Department of Defense, 5/1997; Filson, 2004, pp. 348] Major General Larry Arnold, who is commanding general of NORAD's Continental Region on 9/11, later says, "The QDR didn't make any sense at all. [T]here was a fight just to maintain the number of alert sites that we had. We felt we could operate fairly reasonably with about 10 sites and thought eight was the absolute highest risk we could take." NORAD Commander in Chief General Howell M. Estes III has written to the Joint Chiefs of Staff that a minimum of seven alert sites are needed to maintain America's air sovereignty. In the end, three extra alert sites are added to the four suggested in the QDR. These are at Hampton, Virginia.; Panama City, Florida.; and Ellington, Texas. Larry Arnold later says: "I didn't feel particularly comfortable with seven [alert sites] because there are great large distances between the alert sites." [Filson, 2004, pp. 36] Other bases will lose their NORAD air defense functions over the next year, including those in Fresno, California; Fargo, North Dakota; Duluth, Minnesota; Burlington, Vermont; Atlantic City, New Jersey; Great Falls, Montana. [US Department of Defense, 5/1997] Of these closed bases, the most critical loss on 9/11 will be the Atlantic City, New Jersey, base, located about halfway between New York City and Washington. Boston air traffic control, apparently unaware the base has lost its air defense function will try and fail to contact the base shortly after learning about the first hijacking of the morning, Flight 11 (see (8:34 a.m.)).

Entity Tags: Howell M. Estes III, Larry Arnold, William S. Cohen

1998: Training Exercise Held at the White House, Based Around Militants Using a Plane as a Weapon

Counterterrorism "tsar" Richard Clarke chairs a tabletop exercise at the White House, involving a scenario where anti-American militants fill a Learjet with explosives, and then fly it on a suicide mission toward a target in Washington, DC. Officials from the Pentagon, Secret Service, and FAA attend, and are asked how they would stop such a threat. Pentagon officials say they could launch fighters from Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, but would need authorization from the president to shoot the plane down, and currently there is no system to do this. The 9/11 Commission later states: "There was no clear resolution of the problem at the exercise." [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 345, 457-458; Slate, 7/22/2004]

Entity Tags: Langley Air Force Base, Secret Service, US Department of Defense, Federal Aviation Administration, Richard A. Clarke

1999-September 11, 2001: NORAD Exercise Simulates Crashes into US Buildings; One of Them Is the World Trade Center

According to USA Today, "In the two years before the Sept. 11 attacks, the North American Aerospace Defense Command conduct exercises simulating what the White House [later] says was unimaginable at the time: hijacked airliners used as weapons to crash into targets and cause mass casualties." One of these imagined targets is the World Trade Center. According to NORAD, these scenarios are regional drills, rather than regularly scheduled continent-wide exercises. They utilize "[n]umerous types of civilian and military aircraft" as mock hijacked aircraft, and test "track detection and identification; scramble and interception; hijack procedures; internal and external agency coordination; and operational security and communications security procedures." The main difference between these drills and the 9/11 attacks is that the planes in the drills are coming from another country, rather than from within the US. Before 9/11, NORAD reportedly conducts four major exercises at headquarters level per year. Most of them are said to include a hijack scenario (see Before September 11, 2001). [USA Today, 4/18/2004; CNN, 4/19/2004]

Entity Tags: World Trade Center, North American Aerospace Defense Command

End Part I
 
Between 1999 and September 11, 2001: NORAD Practices Live-Fly Mock Shootdown of a Poison-Filled Jet

At some point during the two-year period preceding 9/11, NORAD fighters perform a mock shootdown over the Atlantic Ocean of a jet loaded with chemical poisons heading toward the US. [USA Today, 4/18/2004]

Entity Tags: North American Aerospace Defense Command

2000-2001: 'Planes as Weapons' and 'Simulated Attacks' Part of Security Planning for Major Events in the US

A 1998 presidential directive gave the National Security Council authority to designate important upcoming events as National Special Security Events (NSSEs) (see May 22, 1998). The US Secret Service is in charge of planning and implementing security for NSSEs, and the FBI and FEMA also have major security roles. [Scripps Howard News Service, 1/11/2005; CSO Magazine, 9/2004] Louis Freeh, director of the FBI for much of the 1990s until June 2001, will later tell the 9/11 Commission that in the years 2000 and 2001, the subject of "planes as weapons" was always one of the considerations in the planning of security for "a series of these, as we call them, special events," and "resources were actually designated to deal with that particular threat." He confirms that "the use of airplanes, either packed with explosives or otherwise, in suicide missions" was "part of the planning" for NSSEs. [9/11 Commission, 4/13/2004] According to the Secret Service, "there is a tremendous amount of advance planning and coordination" for NSSEs, sometimes taking months or even years. Various training initiatives are conducted, including "simulated attacks and medical emergencies, inter-agency tabletop exercises, and field exercises." [United States Secret Service, n.d.; US Congress, 7/9/2002] Presumably the use of airplanes in suicide missions is incorporated into some of these simulated attacks.

Entity Tags: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Secret Service

Between October 24 and 28, 2000: Military Holds Exercise Rehearsing Response to a Plane Crash at the Pentagon

A plane crash is simulated inside the cardboard courtyard of a model Pentagon. [Source: Dennis Ryan, MDW News Service]
019_pentagon_drill2050081722-9957.jpg
Pentagon and Arlington County emergency responders assemble in the office of the Secretary of Defense's conference room in the Pentagon for a mass casualty exercise ("MASCAL"). The exercise involves three mock-scenarios. One is of a commercial airliner crashing into the Pentagon and killing 342 people, while the other two involve a terrorist attack at the Pentagon's subway stop and a construction accident. The exercises are conducted using a large-scale model of the Pentagon with a model airplane literally on fire in the central courtyard of the building. An Army medic who participates in the mock attack calls it "a real good scenario and one that could happen easily," while a fire chief notes: "You have to plan for this. Look at all the air traffic around here." [MDW News Service, 11/3/2000; Mirror, 5/24/2002; United Press International, 4/22/2004; 9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 314]

Entity Tags: US Department of Defense, Pentagon

April 17-26, 2001: Joint Chiefs of Staff Holds Exercise for Continuity of Government if US is Attacked; Proposal to Simulate Airliner Crash into Pentagon Rejected

The Joint Chiefs of Staff holds a large, worldwide exercise called Positive Force, which focuses on the Defense Department's ability to conduct large-scale military operations and coordinate these operations. [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 8/14/2000 ] The 2001 Positive Force exercise is a "continuity of operations exercise," meaning it deals with government contingency plans to keep working in the event of an attack on the US. [Guardian, 4/15/2004] Over a dozen government agencies, including NORAD, are invited to participate. The exercise prepares them for various scenarios, including non-combatant evacuation operations, cyber attacks, rail disruption, and power outages. [Provider Update, 10/2001; GlobalSecurity (.org), 6/9/2002] Apparently, one of the scenarios that was considered for this exercise involved "a terrorist group hijack[ing] a commercial airliner and fly[ing] it into the Pentagon." But the proposed scenario, thought up by a group of Special Operations personnel trained to think like terrorists, was rejected. Joint Staff action officers and White House officials said the additional scenario is either "too unrealistic" or too disconnected to the original intent of the exercise. [Air Force Times, 4/13/2004; Boston Herald, 4/14/2004; Guardian, 4/15/2004; Washington Post, 4/14/2004; New York Times, 4/14/2004]

Entity Tags: Bush administration, Pentagon, US Department of Defense

May 2001: Medics Train for Airplane Hitting Pentagon

The Tri-Service DiLorenzo Health Care Clinic and the Air Force Flight Medicine Clinic, both housed within the Pentagon, train for a scenario involving a hijacked 757 airliner being crashed into the Pentagon. It is reported that the purpose of the training is "to fine-tune their emergency preparedness." [US Medicine, 10/2001]

Entity Tags: Tri-Service DiLorenzo Health Care Clinic, Pentagon, Air Force Flight Medicine Clinic

May 11, 2001: New York City Practices for Biological Terrorist Attack

New York City's Office of Emergency Management (OEM), which is located in World Trade Center Building 7, organizes a bio-terrorism drill where militant extremists attack the city with bubonic plague and Manhattan is quarantined. The "tabletop exercise" is called RED Ex - meaning "Recognition, Evaluation, and Decision-Making Exercise" - and involves about seventy different entities, agencies, and locales from the New York area. Federal legislation adopted in 1997 requires federal, state, and local authorities to conduct regular exercises as part of the Domestic Preparedness Program (DPP). The US Defense Department chose New York City as the venue for RED Ex due to its size, prominence, and level of emergency preparedness. Various high-level officials take part, including Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, OEM Director Richard Sheirer, Fire Commissioner Thomas Von Essen, and Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik. Agencies and organizations that participate include New York City Fire Department, New York City Police Department, the FBI, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The exercise is supposedly so intense that, according to one participant, "five minutes into that drill, everybody forgot it was a drill." [New York City Government, 5/11/2001; New York City Government, 9/5/2001, pp. 74 ; New York Sun, 12/20/2003; 9/11 Commission, 5/18/2004] According to OEM Director Richard Sheirer, "Operation RED Ex provided a proving ground and a great readiness training exercise for the many challenges the city routinely faces, such as weather events, heat emergencies, building collapses, fires, and public safety and health issues." [New York City Government, 5/11/2001] In his prepared testimony before the 9/11 Commission, Bernard Kerik later states: "The City, through its OEM, had coordinated plans for many types of emergencies; and those plans were tested frequently." The types of emergencies they prepared for, he states, included "building collapses" and "plane crashes." [9/11 Commission, 5/18/2004 ] Considering Richard Sheirer's comments, RED Ex appears to be one example where the city tests for building collapses. Details about training for airplanes crashing into New York City remain unknown. The second part of this exercise, called Tripod, is scheduled to take place in New York on September 12, 2001, but is cancelled due to the 9/11 attacks.

Entity Tags: New York City Fire Department, US Department of Defense, World Trade Center, Bernard Kerik, Rudolph ("Rudy") Giuliani, National Air College, New York City Police Department, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation

Summer 2001: Pentagon's Police Force Holds Various, Unknown Emergency Drills

The Pentagon's police force, the Defense Protective Service (DPS), conducts emergency drills throughout summer 2001. Some members of the DPS subsequently assist in directing rescue efforts at the Pentagon on 9/11. [Los Angeles Times, 9/13/2001]

End Part II
 
June 1-2, 2001: Military Conducts Exercises Based on Scenario in which Cruise Missiles Are Launched against US

Bin Laden is pictured on the cover of the first Amalgam Virgo exercise. [Source: NORAD]
022_amalgam_virgo.jpg
The US military conducts Amalgam Virgo 01, a multi-agency planning exercise sponsored by NORAD involving the hypothetical scenario of a cruise missile being launched by "a rogue [government] or somebody" from a barge off the East Coast. Bin Laden is pictured on the cover of the proposal for the exercise. [American Forces Press Service, 6/4/2002] The exercise takes place at Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida. [GlobalSecurity (.org), 4/14/2002] The next Amalgam Virgo exercise, scheduled to take place the following year, will involve two simultaneous commercial aircraft hijackings. Planning for the exercises begins before 9/11 (see Before September 11, 2001).

Entity Tags: North American Aerospace Defense Command, US Department of Defense, Osama bin Laden

June 16, 2001: Major Simulated Terrorist Attack Exercise is Held in Pennsylvania

A major training exercise based upon a simulated terrorist attack is held in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, which neighbors Somerset County where Flight 93 crashes on 9/11. The exercise, called Mall Strike 2001, is conducted in Greengate Mall, Hempfield, and involves over 600 emergency first responders and emergency managers responding to the simulated release of a toxic chemical agent and the simulated release of radiation and radiological contamination. [Westmoreland County Annual Financial Report, 2001 ; Connellsville Daily Courier, 9/11/2002] Mall Strike is organized by the Pennsylvania Region 13 Working Group: a 13-county organization that began preparing for terrorist attacks in 1998. When Flight 93 crashes on September 11, the Region 13 Working Group's chair immediately contacts other members of the group and emergency teams are quickly deployed to the crash site. The group's four years of preparing and working together "allowed them to develop and train teams that could work efficiently together during an event of this magnitude." [Smart Practices Spotlight, 3/12/2003 ]

Entity Tags: Mall Strike 2001

June 29, 2001: MASCAL Training Exercise Held at Fort Belvoir

A MASCAL (mass casualty) training exercise is held at Fort Belvoir. It is "designed to enhance the first ready response in dealing with the effects of a terrorist incident involving an explosion." [MDW News Service, 7/5/2001]

Entity Tags: Fort Belvoir

Early August 2001: Mass Casualty Exercise at the Pentagon Includes a Plane Hitting the Building

A mass casualty exercise, involving a practice evacuation, is held at the Pentagon. General Lance Lord of US Air Force Space Command, one of the participants in the exercises, later recalls: "[It was] purely a coincidence, the scenario for that exercise included a plane hitting the building." Lord will also say that on 9/11, "our assembly points were fresh in our minds" thanks to this practice. [Air Force Space Command News Service, 9/5/2002]

Entity Tags: Pentagon, Lance Lord

August 15, 2001: Army to Limit Public Access to Bases Around Washington

The US Army is preparing to severely restrict public access to its posts in the Washington, DC area. For decades, visitors have been able to enter these bases freely. But now, as a probably permanent change, barriers will be erected across many roads leading into them, funneling traffic to a few roads staffed by guards. Drivers entering without proper registration will be sent to a visitor's center to obtain a guest pass. [Washington Post, 8/15/2001] The new measures will mean commanders know who is entering their installations 24 hours a day, and give them the capability to adjust security measures immediately if required. [MDW News Service, 8/3/2001] The changes will occur at all installations belonging to the Military District of Washington (MDW). [MDW News Service, 7/2001] These include forts Hamilton, Meade, Belvoir, Ritchie, Myer, and McNair. Several of these bases will be reported as having implemented the changes in the following weeks, prior to September 11 (see August 20, 2001)(see September 4, 2001)(see September 5, 2001). Whether the changes take place at the other MDW installations prior to 9/11 is unknown. Part of MDW's stated mission is to "respond to crisis, disaster or security requirements in the National Capital Region through implementation of various contingency plans." [Military District of Washington, 8/2000; GlobalSecurity (.org), 11/28/2001] It will therefore be much involved with the rescue and recovery efforts following the 9/11 Pentagon attack. [Army, 10/2004] The restriction of access to MDW posts stems from guidance from Army leadership and specifically from MDW Commander Maj. Gen. James Jackson. [MDW News Service, 7/2001] It is reportedly part of a nationwide security clampdown due to concerns about terrorism, following such attacks as the Oklahoma City bombing and the attack on the USS Cole. [Washington Post, 8/15/2001]

Entity Tags: Military District of Washington, US Department of the Army

Mid-August-September 11, 2001: New York Air National Guard Unit in Saudi Arabia as Part of Operation Southern Watch

About 100 members of the 174th Fighter Wing, part of the New York Air National Guard, are deployed to Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, to patrol the no-fly zone over southern Iraq, as part of the ongoing Operation Southern Watch. This is the unit's second deployment there, its first having been in March 2001. [Post-Standard (Syracuse), 9/11/2001; Post-Standard (Syracuse), 9/12/2001; US Congress, 3/1/2005; 174th Fighter Wing, 12/9/2005] The 174th FW is located at Hancock Field Air National Guard Base, five miles north of Syracuse, in Central New York State. It is currently equipped with 17 F-16 fighters. These are kept in a six-bay shelter where they are, reportedly, "ready to fly in any weather, at a moment's notice." [Airman, 1/2001; Post-Standard (Syracuse), 9/25/2001; GlobalSecurity (.org), 4/26/2005] However, Hancock Field is not one of NORAD's two "alert" sites in the northeast US. [9/11 Commission, 6/17/2004] The unit has 350 full-time staff and 650 part-timers, who work one weekend each month plus two full weeks a year. [Post-Standard (Syracuse), 9/25/2001; Post-Standard (Syracuse), 10/24/2001] The 100 members of the unit who go to Saudi Arabia are due to arrive back at Hancock Field at around 3 p.m. on 9/11, but as a consequence of the day's events are diverted to Canada. [Post-Standard (Syracuse), 9/14/2001] They will eventually arrive back at the base on September 14. [Post-Standard (Syracuse), 9/15/2001] In the months after 9/11, 174th FW fighters are involved in flying combat air patrols over New York City. [Post-Standard (Syracuse), 12/8/2001; New York State, 3/26/2003]

Entity Tags: Operation Southern Watch, New York Air National Guard, 174th Fighter Wing

http://cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=north_american_aerospace_defense_commandEnd Part III
 
August 20, 2001: Fort Meade Increases Base Security

Fort Meade, a US Army installation located between Baltimore and Washington, DC, begins strict new entrance restrictions. For decades, visitors such as churchgoers and parents taking their children to schools on the base have been able to enter the post freely. But the Army is now closing seven access points, with only four points remaining open full time and four others part time. The restrictions, part of a security crackdown ordered by Army leaders concerned about terrorism, will require visitors to stop at a visitor's center and obtain a day pass allowing them to enter and travel on the base. [Washington Post, 8/15/2001; Laurel Leader, 8/23/2001; Laurel Leader, 8/23/2001] Fort Meade is home to about 10,000 military personnel and 25,000 civilian employees. Its major tenant units include the National Security Agency (NSA), the US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), and the US Air Force's 694th Intelligence Group. [Military District of Washington, 8/2000; GlobalSecurity (.org), 4/9/2002] All other installations in the Military District of Washington are currently implementing similar access restrictions (see August 15, 2001). [MDW News Service, 7/2001]

Entity Tags: Fort Meade, Military District of Washington

August 27-31, 2001: Power Failure at Washington Medical Center Helps Prepare for 9/11

The Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) in Washington, DC suffers a four-day power loss following an electrical transformer fire on August 27. Backup generators ensure patient care is minimally affected, but as a precaution 77 of the hospital's roughly 100 patients are moved to other facilities until it regains full power. Most go to the National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) in Bethesda. According to Capt. Tom Sizemore, the acting commander of the NNMC, precautionary measures are necessary due to the size of the patient transfer. So on August 28 he sets the hospital into a mass casualty condition. Usually such a condition is only set in response to a major incident with many seriously injured people. Sizemore says, "This most unfortunate opportunity has provided NNMC with a very special opportunity. We were able to exercise our response system, with real patients, but (thank God) not with patients involved in some mass disaster." [Stripe, 8/31/2001; Bethesda Journal, 9/6/2001; Stripe, 9/6/2001; Office of Medical History, 9/2004, pp. 146] Walter Reed is about six miles from the Pentagon, and its ambulance teams will respond to the attack there on September 11. Many believe that coping with the power failure helps prepare them for this. One member of staff later says, "A lot of the procedures that we used in the September 11 tragedy, we had just come out of this power loss where we had implemented a lot of what we did. We had good procedures in place that we had already just executed. It was really eerie." [NurseWeek, 9/17/2001; Office of Medical History, 9/2004, pp. 145-146] A similar incident also occurs around this time at DeWitt Army Community Hospital at Fort Belvoir, an army base roughly 10 miles south of the Pentagon. The details of this are unspecified. [Stripe, 9/20/2001] Ambulance teams from DeWitt will also be involved in the emergency response to the Pentagon attack. [Office of Medical History, 9/2004, pp. i]

Entity Tags: National Naval Medical Center, Tom Sizemore, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Fort Belvoir

Late August-Early December 2001: Fighters from Langley Air Force Base Deployed to Iceland for Operation Northern Guardian

In late August 2001, two-thirds of the 27th Fighter Squadron are sent overseas. Six of the squadron's fighters and 115 people go to Turkey to enforce the no-fly zone over northern Iraq as part of Operation Northern Watch. Another six fighters and 70 people are sent to Iceland to participate in "Operation Northern Guardian." The fighter groups will not return to Langley until early December. [Flyer, 7/1/2003] (Note that the word "operation" specifies that Operation Northern Guardian and Northern Watch are not exercises, but actual military actions or missions. [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 4/23/1998 ; US Department of Defense, 11/30/2004] ) Operation Northern Guardian is based at Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland, the host command for the NATO base in that country. The US sometimes assists Iceland with extra military forces in reaction to Russian military maneuvers in the region. Approximately 1,800 US military personnel and 100 Defense Department civilians are involved. [Flyer, 6/4/2004; GlobalSecurity (.org), 4/9/2002; Iceland Defense Force, 6/30/2004] The 27th is one of three F-15 fighter squadrons that make up the 1st Fighter Wing, the "host unit" at Langley Air Force Base in Langley, Virginia. The other two are the 71st and 94th Fighter Squadrons. [Langley Air Force Base, 11/2003; GlobalSecurity (.org), 8/2/2004] Langley is one of two "alert" sites that can be called upon by NORAD for missions in the northeast region of the US. [9/11 Commission, 6/17/2004] Langley's 71st Fighter Squadron also participates in Operation Northern Watch and Operation Northern Guardian at some (unstated) time during 2001. [Air Combat Command News Service, 6/13/2002] Whether this deployment of fighters diminishes Langley's ability to respond on 9/11 is unknown. However, Air Force units are cycled through deployments like operations Northern and Southern Watch by the Aerospace Expeditionary Force (AEF) Center, which is at Langley Air Force Base. [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 4/23/1998 ; GlobalSecurity (.org), 4/26/2005] And according to NORAD Commander Larry Arnold, "Prior to Sept. 11, we'd been unsuccessful in getting the AEF Center to be responsible for relieving our air defense units when they went overseas." [Filson, 2004, pp. 99]

Entity Tags: 27th Fighter Squadron, Operation Northern Guardian, Operation Northern Watch, US Department of Defense, 71st Fighter Squadron, 94th Fighter Squadron, Langley Air Force Base, North American Aerospace Defense Command

End Part IV
 
September 4, 2001: Army Restricts Access to Fort Belvoir

The US Army sharply restricts public access to Fort Belvoir, one of its installations about 10 miles south of the Pentagon. After being an open post for over 25 years, Belvoir has now erected barriers across many of the roads leading into it, leaving only six guarded gates as points of entry and exit. Twenty access points are being permanently closed. Visitors must now register their vehicles at a visitor's center or get a day pass to enter the base. [MDW News Service, 7/2001; Washington Post, 8/15/2001] The access restrictions will allow commanders to know who is entering the base 24 hours a day and adjust security measures immediately if needed. [MDW News Service, 8/3/2001] All other Military District of Washington (MDW) installations are implementing similar changes, due to Army concerns about terrorism (see August 15, 2001). Fort Belvoir has about 20,000 workers and is home to many different agencies, including the US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), plus the headquarters of the Defense Logistics Agency and the Defense Technical Information Service. [Military District of Washington, 8/2000; Washington Post, 8/15/2001; GlobalSecurity (.org), 10/21/2001] Occupying over 500 acres at Belvoir is Davison Army Airfield. The 12th Aviation Battalion, which is MDW's aviation-support unit, is stationed at Davison. This operates UH1 "Huey" and UH60 Black Hawk helicopters in support of training and "contingencies" for various MDW units. [Military District of Washington, 8/2000; GlobalSecurity (.org), 1/5/2002] The Washington Post has reported, "Fort Belvoir will be holding exercises the next two Tuesdays to test the changes" in access to the base. [Washington Post, 8/15/2001] This will therefore include September 11 (a Tuesday). Other reports will confirm an antiterrorism exercise being conducted at Belvoir on 9/11 (see 8:30 a.m.).

Entity Tags: Military District of Washington, Fort Belvoir

September 5, 2001: US Army Bases Implement 'Full Access Control'

Fort Myer and Fort Lesley J. McNair, both within two miles of the Pentagon, implement "full access control," which means they increase the level of military police surveillance of those who enter them. Visitors are now required to register and sign in at a visitor center, and obtain a temporary pass. The measures, part of a security crackdown due to concerns about terrorism, will allow commanders to know who is entering their installations 24 hours a day and adjust their security measures immediately as needed. [MDW News Service, 8/3/2001; Washington Post, 8/15/2001] All other Army posts in the Washington, DC area are currently implementing similar access restrictions (see August 15, 2001).

Entity Tags: Fort Lesley J. McNair, Fort Myer, Military District of Washington

September 8, 2001: High Level Air Force Discussions Call for Dismantling NORAD's Alert Sites

The future of "continental air sovereignty" over America is in doubt. Discussions at the Air Force's highest levels call for the dismantling of NORAD's seven "alert" sites around the US and its command and control structure. [Filson, 2004, pp. 149] Earlier in the summer of 2001, "a reduction in air defenses had been gaining currency in recent months among task forces assigned by [Defense Secretary] Rumsfeld to put together recommendations for a reassessment of the military."(see Summer 2001)

Entity Tags: US Department of the Air Force, North American Aerospace Defense Command

September 9-11, 2001: NORAD Begins Northern Vigilance Military Operation

NORAD begins Operation Northern Vigilance. For this military operation, it deploys fighters to Alaska and Northern Canada to monitor a Russian air force exercise in the Russian Arctic and North Pacific Ocean, scheduled for September 10 to September 14. The Russian exercise involves its bombers staging a mock attack against NATO planes that are supposedly planning an assault on Russia. [NORAD, 9/9/2001; Washington Times, 9/11/2001; BBC Worldwide, 2001, pp. 161] The NORAD fighters are due to stay in Alaska and Canada until the end of the Russian exercise. At some time between 10:32 a.m. and 11:45 a.m. on 9/11, Russian President Vladimir Putin will call the White House to say the Russians are voluntarily halting their exercise. [Washington Post, 1/27/2002] It is unknown from which bases NORAD sends fighters for Operation Northern Vigilance, and how many US military personnel are involved. However, in December 2000, it took similar action - called Operation Northern Denial - in response to a "smaller scale" Russian "long-range aviation activity in northern Russia and the Arctic." More than 350 American and Canadian military personnel were involved on that occasion. [Canadian Chief of Defense Staff, 5/30/2001, pp. 6 ; NORAD, 9/9/2001]

Entity Tags: Bush administration, North American Aerospace Defense Command, Operation Northern Vigilance, Vladimir Putin

Before September 11, 2001: US Government Prepares for Hijackings, Some of Them Involving Multiple-Planes

According to an FBI official interviewed by journalist Seymour Hersh, for several years prior to 9/11, the US government reportedly plans for "simulated terrorist attacks, including scenarios [involving] multiple-plane hijackings." This presumably refers to more than just the Amalgam Virgo 02 (see Before September 11, 2001) exercise, which is based on the scenario of two planes being simultaneously hijacked. [New Yorker, 9/24/2001] Similarly, NORAD will tell USA Today that before 9/11, it normally conducted four major exercises each year at headquarters level. Most of them include a hijack scenario, the newspaper reports [USA Today, 4/18/2004] , and some of them were apparently quite similar to the 9/11 attacks (see Between 1991 and 2001)
(see 1999-September 11, 2001).

Entity Tags: North American Aerospace Defense Command, United States

Before September 11, 2001: NORAD Plans a Mock Simultaneous Hijacking Threat from Inside the US

NORAD plans for the Amalgam Virgo 2 exercise. The exercise, scheduled for June 2002, involves two simultaneous commercial aircraft hijackings. One, a Delta 757, with actual Delta pilots and actors posing as passengers, will fly from Salt Lake City, Utah, to Honolulu, Hawaii. It will be "hijacked" by FBI agents posing as terrorists. The other will be a DC-9 hijacked by Canadian police near Vancouver, British Columbia. US and Canadian fighters are to respond and attempt to escort the hijacked planes to airfields in British Columbia and Alaska. But they possibly could "mock" shoot down the aircraft. [USA Today, 4/18/2004; CNN, 6/4/2002; American Forces Press Service, 6/4/2002] USA Today will note that this is an exception to NORAD's claim that the agency focused only on external threats to the US and did not consider the possibility of threats arising from within the US. [USA Today, 4/18/2004] 9/11 Commissioner Richard Ben-Veniste will similarly comment that this planned exercise shows that despite frequent comments to the contrary, the military considered simultaneous hijackings before 9/11. [9/11 Commission, 5/23/2003]

Entity Tags: North American Aerospace Defense Command, Richard Ben-Veniste

End Part V
 
(6:30 a.m.): NORAD on Alert for Emergency Exercises

NORAD's war room in Cheyenne, Wyoming. [Source: Val Gempis]
251_norad_warroom2050081722-9755.jpg
Lieutenant Colonel Dawne Deskins and other day shift employees at NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) in Rome, NY, start their workday. NORAD is conducting a week-long, large-scale exercise called Vigilant Guardian. [Newhouse News Service, 1/25/2002] Deskins is regional mission crew chief for the Vigilant Guardian exercise. [ABC News, 9/11/2002] Vigilant Guardian is described as "an exercise that would pose an imaginary crisis to North American Air Defense outposts nationwide"; as a "simulated air war"; and as "an air defense exercise simulating an attack on the United States." According to the 9/11 Commission, it "postulated a bomber attack from the former Soviet Union." [Newhouse News Service, 1/25/2002; Filson, 2004, pp. 55 and 122; 9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 458] Vigilant Guardian is described as being held annually, and is one of NORAD's four major annual exercises. [GlobalSecurity (.org), 4/14/2002; Filson, 2004, pp. 41; Arkin, 2005, pp. 545] However, another report says it takes place semi-annually. [Aviation Week and Space Technology, 6/3/2002] Accounts by participants vary on whether 9/11 was the second, third, or fourth day of the exercise. [Newhouse News Service, 1/25/2002; Ottawa Citizen, 9/11/2002; Code One Magazine, 1/2002] Vigilant Guardian is a command post exercise (CPX), and in at least some previous years was conducted in conjunction with Stratcom's Global Guardian exercise and a US Space Command exercise called Apollo Guardian. [US Congress, n.d.; GlobalSecurity (.org), 4/14/2002; Arkin, 2005, pp. 545] All of NORAD is participating in Vigilant Guardian on 9/11. [Aviation Week and Space Technology, 6/3/2002] Vanity Fair reports that the "day's exercise" (presumably Vigilant Guardian) is "designed to run a range of scenarios, including a 'traditional' simulated hijack in which politically motivated perpetrators commandeer an aircraft, land on a Cuba-like island, and seek asylum." [Vanity Fair, 8/1/2006] However, at NEADS, most of the dozen or so staff on the operations floor have no idea what the exercise is going to entail and are ready for anything. [Utica Observer-Dispatch, 8/5/2004] NORAD is currently running a real-world operation named Operation Northern Vigilance (see September 9-11, 2001). It may also be conducting a field training exercise calling Amalgam Warrior this morning (see 9:28 a.m.). NORAD is thus fully staffed and alert, and senior officers are manning stations throughout the US. The entire chain of command is in place and ready when the first hijacking is reported. An article later says, "In retrospect, the exercise would prove to be a serendipitous enabler of a rapid military response to terrorist attacks on September 11." [Aviation Week and Space Technology, 6/3/2002; Bergen Record, 12/5/2003] Colonel Robert Marr, in charge of NEADS, says, "We had the fighters with a little more gas on board. A few more weapons on board." [ABC News, 9/11/2002] However, Deskins and other NORAD officials later are initially confused about whether the 9/11 attacks are real or part of the exercise. (see (8:38 a.m.-8:43 a.m.)).

Entity Tags: Dawne Deskins, Operation Northern Vigilance, Robert Marr, North American Aerospace Defense Command, Vigilant Guardian, Northeast Air Defense Sector

Early Morning September 11, 2001: Medic Is Studying a Medical Emergency Disaster Plan for a Plane Crash at the Pentagon

Sergeant Matt Rosenberg, an army medic at the Pentagon, is studying "a new medical emergency disaster plan based on the unlikely scenario of an airplane crashing into the place." [Washington Post, 9/16/2001] The day before, Rosenberg later recalls in an interview with the Office of Medical History, he called the FBI with questions about who would have medical jurisdiction if such an event were to take place. "Believe it or not, the day prior to the incident, I was just on the phone with the FBI, and we were talking 'so who has command should this happen, who has the medical jurisdiction, who does this, who does that,' and we talked about it and talked about it, and he helped me out a lot. And then the next day, during the incident, I actually found him. He was out there on the incident that day." [Office of Medical History, 9/2004, pp. 9]

Entity Tags: Pentagon, Federal Bureau of Investigation

(8:00 a.m.): Computer Specialists in WTC for 'Emergency Drill'

An "emergency drill" has been scheduled for today, to take place on the 97th floor of the WTC south tower. [New York Times, 3/31/2006; New York Times, 4/1/2006] A team of technology consultants from California is visiting investment firm Fiduciary Trust for this drill. (Fiduciary Trust has offices on the 97th floor.) [USA Today, 9/13/2001; Dwyer and Flynn, 2005, pp. 77; New York Times, 3/30/2006] No further details are reported as to what it entails, or who the technology consultants are. However, California-based software company Oracle Corp. will later report that six of its consultants were working on the 97th floor of the south tower on 9/11 and are subsequently missing. So presumably these were the workers involved with the drill. [InfoWorld, 9/13/2001; Associated Press, 9/14/2001]

Entity Tags: Fiduciary Trust, Oracle Corp

September 11, 2001: The 9/11 Attack: 3,000 Die in New York City and Washington, D.C.

The September 11, 2001 attacks. From left to right: The World Trade Center, Pentagon, and Flight 93 crash. [Source: unknown]
067_sept11.jpg
The 9/11 attack: Four planes are hijacked, two crash into the WTC, one into the Pentagon, and one crashes into the Pennsylvania countryside. Nearly 3,000 people are killed.

Entity Tags: World Trade Center, Pentagon, al-Qaeda, United Airlines, American Airlines

8:30 a.m.: Army Base Near Pentagon Holds Terrorist Attack Exercise

At Fort Belvoir, an army base 10 miles south of the Pentagon, Lt. Col. Mark R. Lindon is conducting a "garrison control exercise" when the 9/11 attacks begin. The object of this exercise is to "test the security at the base in case of a terrorist attack." Lindon later says, "I was out checking on the exercise and heard about the World Trade Center on my car radio. As soon as it was established that this was no accident, we went to a complete security mode." Staff Sgt. Mark Williams of the Military District of Washington Engineer Company at Fort Belvoir also later says: "Ironically, we were conducting classes about rescue techniques when we were told of the planes hitting the World Trade Center." Williams' team is one of the first response groups to arrive at the site of the Pentagon crash and one of the first to enter the building following the attack. [Connection Newspapers, 9/5/2002] A previous MASCAL (mass casualty) training exercise was held at Fort Belvoir a little over two months earlier (see June 29, 2001). It was "designed to enhance the first ready response in dealing with the effects of a terrorist incident involving an explosion." [MDW News Service, 7/5/2001] Located at Fort Belvoir is Davison Army Airfield, from where UH-1 "Huey" and UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters fly. Davison's mission includes maintaining "a readiness posture in support of contingency plans," and providing "aviation support for the White House, US government officials, Department of Defense, Department of the Army, and other government agencies." [Pentagram, 5/7/1999; Military District of Washington, 8/2000]

Entity Tags: World Trade Center, Fort Belvoir, Mark Williams, Mark R. Lindon

8:30 a.m.: FBI/CIA Anti-Terrorist Task Force Away From Washington on Training Exercise in California

USA Today reports that at this time, "a joint FBI/CIA anti-terrorist task force that specifically prepared for this type of disaster" is on a "training exercise in Monterey, Calif." Consequently, "as of late Tuesday, with airports closed around the country, the task force still [hasn]'t found a way to fly back to Washington." [USA Today, 9/11/2001] The US politics website evote.com adds that the FBI has deployed "all of its anti-terrorist and top special operations agents at a training exercise (complete with all associated helicopters and light aircraft) in Monterey, California." So at the time of the attacks, "the chief federal agency responsible for preventing such crimes [is] being AWOL." [Evote [.com], 9/11/2001]

Entity Tags: Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation

http://cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=tripodEnd Part VI
 
8:30 a.m.: US Military Holding 'Practice Armageddon' Nationwide Training Exercise

As the 9/11 attacks are taking place, a large military training exercise called Global Guardian is said to be "in full swing." It has been going on since the previous week. [Omaha World-Herald, 2/27/2002; Omaha World-Herald, 9/10/2002] Global Guardian is an annual exercise sponsored by US Strategic Command (Stratcom) in cooperation with US Space Command and NORAD. One military author defines Stratcom as "the single US military command responsible for the day-to-day readiness of America's nuclear forces." [Arkin, 2005, pp. 59] Global Guardian is a global readiness exercise involving all Stratcom forces and aims to test Stratcom's ability to fight a nuclear war. It is one of many "practice Armageddons" that the US military routinely stages. [Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 11/12/1997; Associated Press, 2/21/2002; Omaha World-Herald, 2/27/2002; Omaha World-Herald, 9/10/2002] It links with a number of other military exercises, including Crown Vigilance (an Air Combat Command exercise), Apollo Guardian (a US Space Command exercise), and NORAD exercises Vigilant Guardian and Amalgam Warrior [US Department of Defense, 5/1997; GlobalSecurity (.org), 10/10/2002] Global Guardian is both a command post and field training exercise, and is based around a fictitious scenario designed to test the ability of Stratcom and its component forces to deter a military attack against the US. Hundreds of military personnel are involved. [Collins Center Update, 12/1999 ; Times-Picayune, 9/8/2002; US Congress, n.d.] According to a 1998 Internet article by the British American Security Information Council - an independent research organization - Global Guardian is held in October or November each year. [Kristensen, 10/1998] In his book Code Names, NBC News military analyst William Arkin dates this exercise for October 22-31, 2001. [Arkin, 2005, pp. 379] And a military newspaper reported in March 2001 that Global Guardian was scheduled for October 2001. [Space Observer, 3/23/2001, pp. 2 ] If this is correct, then some time after March, the exercise must have been rescheduled for early September. Furthermore, there may be another important facet to Global Guardian. A 1998 Defense Department newsletter reported that for several years Stratcom had been incorporating a computer network attack (CNA) into Global Guardian. The attack involved Stratcom "red team" members and other organizations acting as enemy agents, and included attempts to penetrate the Command using the Internet and a "bad" insider who had access to a key command and control system. The attackers "war dialed" the phones to tie them up and sent faxes to numerous fax machines throughout the Command. They also claimed they were able to shut down Stratcom's systems. Reportedly, Stratcom planned to increase the level of computer network attack in future Global Guardian exercises. [IAnewsletter, 6/1998 ] It is not currently known if a computer attack was incorporated into Global Guardian in 2001 or what its possible effects on the country's air defense system would have been if such an attack was part of the exercise.

Entity Tags: North American Aerospace Defense Command, US Space Command, US Department of Defense, Global Guardian, US Strategic Command, Amalgam Warrior, Vigilant Guardian, Crown Vigilance, Apollo Guardian

[size=-0](8:38 a.m.-8:43 a.m.): NORAD Personnel Mistake Hijacking for Part of an Exercise
[/size]

Major Kevin Nasypany. [Source: CBC]
698_kevin_nasypany2050081722-12818.jpg
When Boston flight control first contacts NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) to notify it of the hijacking of Flight 11 (see (8:37 a.m.)), personnel there initially mistake it for a simulation as part of an exercise. Lieutenant Colonel Dawne Deskins, mission crew chief for the Vigilant Guardian exercise currently taking place (see (6:30 a.m.)), later says that initially she and everybody else at NEADS thought the call was part of Vigilant Guardian. [Newhouse News Service, 1/25/2002] Although most of the personnel on the NEADS operations floor have no idea what the day's exercise is supposed to entail, most previous major NORAD exercises included a hijack scenario. [Utica Observer-Dispatch, 8/5/2004; USA Today, 4/18/2004] The day's exercise is in fact scheduled to include a simulated hijacking later on. Major Kevin Nasypany, the NEADS mission crew commander, had helped design it. Thinking the reported hijacking is part of this exercise he actually says out loud, "The hijack's not supposed to be for another hour." In the ID section, at the back right corner of the NEADS operations floor, technicians Stacia Rountree, Shelley Watson, and Maureen Dooley, react to the news. Rountree asks, "Is that real-world?" Dooley confirms, "Real-world hijack." Watson says, "Cool!" [Vanity Fair, 8/1/2006] NORAD commander Major General Larry Arnold, who is at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, also says that when he first hears of the hijacking, in the minutes after NEADS is alerted to it, "The first thing that went through my mind was, is this part of the exercise? Is this some kind of a screw-up?" [ABC News, 9/11/2002; 9/11 Commission, 5/23/2003] At 8:43 a.m., Major James Fox, the leader of the NEADS Weapons Team, comments, "I've never seen so much real-world stuff happen during an exercise." [Vanity Fair, 8/1/2006]

Entity Tags: James Fox, Dawne Deskins, North American Aerospace Defense Command, Vigilant Guardian, Kevin Nasypany, Stacia Rountree, Larry Arnold, Northeast Air Defense Sector, Maureen Dooley, Shelley Watson

8:46 a.m.: Fighters Are Training over North Carolina; Not Recalled to Washington Until Much Later

At the time of the first WTC crash, three F-16s assigned to Andrews Air Force Base, ten miles from Washington, are flying an air-to-ground training mission to drop some bombs and hit a refueling tanker, on a range in North Carolina, 207 miles away from their base. However, it is only when they are halfway back to Andrews that lead pilot Major Billy Hutchison is able to talk to the acting supervisor of flying at Andrews, Lt. Col. Phil Thompson, who tells him to return to the base "buster" (as fast as his aircraft will fly). After landing back at Andrews, Hutchison is told to take off immediately, and does so at 10:33 a.m. The other two pilots, Marc Sasseville and Heather Penney, take off from Andrews at 10:42 a.m., after having their planes loaded with 20mm training rounds. These three pilots will therefore not be patrolling the skies above Washington until after about 10:45 a.m. [Aviation Week and Space Technology, 9/9/2002; Filson, 2004, pp. 56] F-16s can travel at a maximum speed of 1,500 mph. [Associated Press, 6/16/2000] Traveling even at 1,100 mph (the speed NORAD Major General Larry Arnold says two fighters from Massachusetts travel toward Flight 175 [MSNBC, 9/23/2001; Slate, 1/16/2002] ), at least one of these F-16s could have returned from North Carolina to Washington within ten minutes and started patrolling the skies well before 9:00 a.m.

Entity Tags: Billy Hutchison, Marc Sasseville, Phil Thompson, Heather Penney Garcia, NBC

http://cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=office_of_emergency_managementEnd Part VII
 
8:48 a.m.: Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, Preparing for Global Guardian Exercise When Attacks Start

Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana is an important node in the US Strategic Command (Stratcom) exercise Global Guardian (see 8:30 a.m.) on 9/11. Colonel Mike Reese, director of staff for the 8th Air Force, is monitoring several television screens at the base as part of the exercise when he sees CNN cut into coverage of the first World Trade Center crash, two minutes after it happens. He watches live when the second plane hits the World Trade Center at 9:03 a.m. Reese says that at this point, "we knew it wasn't a mistake. Something grave was happening that put the nation's security at risk." An article in the New Orleans Times-Picayune later recounts how awareness of the real attacks impacts those participating in the exercise: "Immediately [the Barksdale staff's] focus turned to defense, securing Barksdale, Minot [North Dakota], and Whiteman [Missouri] air force bases, where dozens of aircraft and hundreds of personnel were involved in the readiness exercise 'Global Guardian.' The exercise abruptly ended as the United States appeared to be at war within its own borders. Four A-10s, an aircraft not designed for air-to-air combat, from Barksdale's 47th Fighter Squadron, were placed on 'cockpit alert,' the highest state of readiness for fighter pilots. Within five minutes, the A-10s, equipped only with high intensity cannons, could have been launched to destroy unfriendly aircraft, even if it was a civilian passenger airliner." Lt. Col. Edmund Walker, commander of the 47th Fighter Squadron, a novice pilot still in training, is sitting in his fighter along with other pilots in other fighters, ready to take off, when they are ordered back to the squadron office. They are told they are no longer practicing. Walker recalls, "We had to defend the base against any aircraft, airliner or civilian. We had no idea. Would it fly to the base and crash into the B-52s or A-10s on the flight line?" [Times-Picayune, 9/8/2002] When President Bush's Air Force One takes off from Sarasota, Florida, at approximately 9:55 a.m., it has no destination, and circles over Florida aimlessly. But around 10:35 (see (10:35 a.m.)), it begins heading towards Barksdale Air Force Base. [CBS News, 9/11/2002; Washington Post, 1/27/2002] It finally arrives at Barksdale around 11:45 a.m. [Daily Telegraph, 12/16/2001; CBS News, 9/11/2002] It's never been explained exactly why Bush traveled from Florida to Barksdale. The Daily Telegraph has reported, "The official reason for landing at Barksdale was that President Bush felt it necessary to make a further statement, but it isn't unreasonable to assume that - as there was no agreement as to what the President's movements should be - it was felt he might as well be on the ground as in the air." [Daily Telegraph, 12/16/2001]

Entity Tags: Offutt Air Force Base, Mike Reese, Global Guardian, Eni, James O. Ellis Jr

8:48 a.m.: Office of Emergency Management Preparing for Bioterrorism Exercise; Opens its Command Center

New York City's Office of Emergency Management (OEM) is responsible for coordinating the city's response to major incidents, including terrorist attacks. [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 283-284] Its offices are in Building 7 of the World Trade Center. Today is reportedly "going to be a busy day at the OEM," as staff members have come to work early to prepare for Tripod, a major biological-terrorism training exercise scheduled for September 12 (see September 12, 2001). Their building shakes when the north tower is hit at 8:46 a.m. OEM Commissioner John Odermatt initially believes a freak accident has occurred involving a ground-to-air missile, but soon after, OEM is informed that a plane hit the WTC. Immediately, OEM staff members begin to activate their emergency Command Center, located on the 23rd floor of WTC 7 (see June 8, 1999). [Jenkins and Edwards-Winslow, 9/2003, pp. 15] They call agencies such as the New York fire and police departments, and the Department of Health, and direct them to send their designated representatives to the OEM. They also call the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and request at least five federal Urban Search and Rescue Teams. [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 293] OEM's Command Center will be evacuated at 9:30 a.m. due to reports of further unaccounted for planes (see 9:30 a.m.). By this time, none of the outside agency liaisons will have arrived. [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004, pp. 305]

Entity Tags: John Odermatt, Office of Emergency Management, Tripod

[size=-0](9:00 a.m.): Northern Vigilance Operation Canceled; False Blips Purged from Radar Screens
[/size]
A soldier monitors a NORAD radar screen. [Source: National War College]
287_norad_radar.jpg
For the past two days, NORAD has had fighters deployed to Alaska and Northern Canada. They are there for a real-world maneuver called Operation Northern Vigilance, tasked with monitoring a Russian air force exercise being conducted in the Russian Arctic all this week (see September 9-11, 2001). [NORAD, 9/9/2001] At its operations center deep inside Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado, NORAD is also reportedly at "full 'battle staff' levels for a major annual exercise that tests every facet of the organization." Canadian Captain Mike Jellinek is one hour into his shift, overseeing the operations center, when he is contacted by NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS), based in Rome, NY: The FAA believes there is a hijacking in progress and is asking NORAD for support. As the Toronto Star reports, "In a flash, Operation Northern Vigilance is called off. Any simulated information, what's known as an 'inject,' is purged from the screens." [Toronto Star, 12/9/2001] NORAD has the capacity to inject simulated material, including mass attacks, during exercises, "as though it was being sensed for the first time by a radar site." [US Department of Defense, 1/14/1999] However, Northern Vigilance is a military operation, not a training exercise. [NORAD, 9/9/2001; US Congress, 3/11/2005] So presumably the "simulated information" is part of a NORAD exercise currently taking place, such as Vigilant Guardian (see (6:30 a.m.)). Therefore, many minutes into the real 9/11 attacks, there may have been false radar blips causing confusion among NORAD personnel. Additional details, such as whose radar screens have false blips and over what duration, are unknown. The Russians, after seeing the attacks on New York and Washington on television, will quickly communicate that they are canceling their Russian Arctic exercise. [Toronto Star, 12/9/2001; National Post, 10/19/2002]

Entity Tags: Operation Northern Vigilance, Vigilant Guardian, North American Aerospace Defense Command, Northeast Air Defense Sector, Federal Aviation Administration, Mike Jellinek, Rudolph ("Rudy") Giuliani, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Tripod

End Part VIII
 
Before 9:00 a.m.: Army Base Outside New York Prepares for Terrorist Attack Exercise

Staff at Fort Monmouth, an Army base in New Jersey located about 50 miles south of New York City, is preparing to hold a "disaster drill" to test emergency response capabilities to a fake chemical attack. The exercise, called Timely Alert II, is to involve various law enforcement agencies and emergency personnel, including Fort Monmouth firefighters and members of the New Jersey State Police. Personnel are to be deployed and measures taken as in a real emergency. A notice has been sent out, warning that anyone not conducting official business will be turned away from Fort Monmouth during the exercise. Soon after 9 a.m., the exercise director tells a group of participating volunteers that a hijacked plane has crashed into the World Trade Center. The participants pretend to be upset, believing this is just part of the simulation. When they see the live televised footage of the WTC attacks, some people at the base think it is an elaborate training video to accompany the exercise. One worker tells a fire department training officer: "You really outdid yourself this time." Interestingly, the follow-up exercise held in July 2002 (Timely Alert III) does incorporate simulated television news reports to give participants the impression that the emergency is real. And in the first Timely Alert exercise, held on the base in January 2001, a call had come through of a supposed "real" bomb situation, but this "fortunately turned out to be a report related to a training aid being used during the exercise." On 9/11, Fort Monmouth is geared to go into high-alert status as part of Timely Alert II. The exercise is called off once the base is alerted to the real attacks. [Monmouth Message, 2/9/2001; Hub, 9/21/2001; Monmouth Message, 9/21/2001; Asbury Park Press, 7/24/2002; Monmouth Message, 8/23/2002; US Department of the Army, 7/26/2003; Monmouth Message, 9/12/2003] Fort Monmouth is home to various Army, Defense Department, and other government agencies. The largest of these is the US Army's Communications-Electronics Command (CECOM). CECOM serves to "develop, acquire, field, and sustain superior information technologies and integrated systems for America's warfighters." It is tasked with the "critical role of command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR)." [Communications-Electronics Command, 4/17/2002; GlobalSecurity (.org), 8/2/2004; Army, 1/2003 ] Fort Monmouth services also directly assist in the emergency response later in the day. Its fire department deploys to Atlantic Highlands to assist passengers coming from Manhattan by ferry, and members of its Patterson Army Health Clinic are also sent out to help. Teams of CECOM experts from the base are later deployed to ground zero in New York with equipment capable of locating cellular phone transmissions within the ruins of the collapsed World Trade Center. Its explosive ordnance company is also deployed to assist authorities should they come across anything they think might be explosives, while digging through the debris in search of victims. [Hub, 9/21/2001; Monmouth Message, 9/21/2001]

Entity Tags: World Trade Center, Army's Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, Timely Alert II

Before 9:00 a.m.: Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, is Directing Global Guardian Training Exercise

Admiral Richard Mies.
[Source: Public domain]
276b_richard_mies.jpg
Offutt Air Force Base, near Omaha, Nebraska, appears to be the headquarters of the US Strategic Command (Stratcom) exercise Global Guardian that is "in full swing" when the 9/11 attacks begin. At least the director of the exercise, Admiral Richard Mies, commander in chief of Stratcom, is at Offutt this morning. [Omaha World-Herald, 9/10/2002] Because of Global Guardian, bombers, missile crews, and submarines around America are all being directed from Stratcom's Command Center, a steel and concrete reinforced bunker below Offutt. [Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 11/12/1997; Associated Press, 2/21/2002; Omaha World-Herald, 2/27/2002; BBC, 9/1/2002; Omaha World-Herald, 9/10/2002] This bunker is staffed with top personnel and they are at a heightened security mode because of the exercise. [Associated Press, 2/21/2002; Air Force Weather Observer, 7/2002] Because of Global Guardian, three special military command aircraft with sophisticated communications equipment, based at Offutt, are up in the air the morning of 9/11. These E-4B National Airborne Operations Center planes - nicknamed "Doomsday" planes during the Cold War - are intended to control nuclear forces from the air in times of crisis. They are capable of acting as alternative command posts for top government officials from where they can direct US forces, execute war orders and coordinate the actions of civil authorities in times of national emergency. The Federal Advisory Committee (whose chairman is retired Lt. Gen. Brent Scowcroft) is aboard one of these Doomsday planes, being brought to Offutt to observe the exercise. Media accounts indicate Global Guardian is cancelled at Offutt shortly after the second WTC tower is hit (at 9:03 a.m.), with staff switching to "real-world mode." [US Department of Defense, 1/9/2002; Air Force Weather Observer, 7/2002; Omaha World-Herald, 9/8/2002] However, even after Global Guardian is called off, the three E-4Bs remain airborne. [Omaha World-Herald, 2/27/2002; BBC, 9/1/2002] Also, the morning of 9/11, a small group of business leaders are at Offutt Air Force Base for a charity fundraiser event due to take place there later in the day, hosted by the multi-billionaire Warren Buffett. When the attacks begin, these visitors are having breakfast with Admiral Mies, the director of Global Guardian. After the second WTC tower is hit, Mies excuses himself from the group, presumably to assist in canceling the exercise. [San Francisco Business Times, 2/1/2002; Omaha World-Herald, 2/27/2002; Omaha World-Herald, 9/10/2002]

Entity Tags: Warren Buffet, Global Guardian, Federal Advisory Committee, Brent Scowcroft, Richard Mies

Just Before 9:00 a.m.: Two Otis Fighters Take Off for Training Mission Over Ocean

A team in the 102nd Fighter Wing at Otis Air National Guard Base, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, finishes loading dummy missiles onto two fighters that are going to fly a training mission over the Atlantic. They take off sometime before the second WTC tower is hit. Shortly after that hit, the fighters on the training mission are recalled. The implication is that the fighters are then refitted with actual weapons instead of dummy ones. [Cape Cod Times, 9/8/2002] Otis is the base from which the two F-15s launch in response to the first hijacking (Flight 11) at roughly the same time. [9/11 Commission, 6/17/2004] One of the pilots of these F-15s - nicknamed "Nasty"
- is reportedly standing in for the usual "alert" pilot, who is "scheduled for training" on 9/11. [Cape Cod Times, 8/21/2002]

9:00 a.m.: 9/11-Styled Simulation Cancelled

John Fulton. [Source: NLESI]
285_john_fulton2050081722-9871.jpg
An "emergency response exercise" is scheduled to take place at 9 a.m. the morning of 9/11, involving the simulated crash of a small corporate jet plane into a government building. The exercise is to be conducted by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) in Chantilly, Virginia - just four miles from Washington Dulles International Airport, from where Flight 77 took off, and 24 miles from the Pentagon. The NRO draws its personnel from the CIA and the military, and operates many of the nation's spy satellites. John Fulton, chief of the NRO's strategic war gaming office, and his team at the CIA, are in charge of the exercise. It is to involve the jet experiencing mechanical problems then crashing into one of the four towers at the NRO. In order to simulate the damage from the crash, some stairwells and exits are to be closed off, forcing NRO employees to find other ways to evacuate the building. However, according to an agency spokesman, "as soon as the real world events began, we cancelled the exercise." After the attacks, most of the agency's 3,000 staff are supposedly sent home. [National Law Enforcement and Security Institute, 8/4/2002; National Law Enforcement and Security Institute, 8/6/2002 ; Associated Press, 8/21/2002; United Press International, 8/22/2002]

Entity Tags: National Reconnaissance Office, John Fulton, Central Intelligence Agency

End Part IX
 
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